English and Uzbek language aphorisms as units reflecting the national world view. Kirish qismi: i-bob

1.2. Linguacultural features of proverbs in German and Uzbek languages.
One of the factors that characterizes the national values and culture of a nation is the oral tradition of the people. Proverbs, one of the most important genres of folklore, are one of the most important topics in the study of linguistics and folklore. The study of proverbs, one of the most important genres of folklore, and folk art in general, is of great importance today. Proverbs are a common independent genre of oral art as a rare example of folk wisdom. Conditionally, they can be called the rules of international ethics. Proverbs are the result of a very concise, concise, concise and figurative expression of the socio-political, spiritual-cultural, moral-philosophical views of the people, which have been tested in the life experiences of centuries. Proverbs are not specifically created, but emerge as judgments as a moral value of a conclusion drawn from life experience tested by the demands of a particular situation. They show that human activity in various fields is the product of long-term life experiences, stable and unchanging, correct and true conclusions. Proverbs are an international genre by nature. There is no nation in the world that does not have its own articles. Because every nation leaves its life experiences to future generations in the form of proverbs. there is. In a foreign language, the term proverb is usually expressed by the word "proverb". Sometimes in many literatures: adages, dictums, maxims, mottoes, precepts, saws, truisms, we can also use the word proverb. Like Uzbek folk proverbs, English folk proverbs are one of the most common genres of English folklore. It often has general features similar to Uzbek proverbs in its structure, study in folklore, and so on.A.M. Gorky praised the role of folk proverbs. "The greatest wisdom is the simplicity of his words," he wrote. Proverbs and songs are always short. They have thoughts and feelings that are equal to the content of whole books. Here, the scientist evaluates the formal forms and content of proverbs and songs and equates them. But we shouldn't think that song and proverb are the same genre.
Proverbs of nations with the same language and culture are often closely related. Many British scholars have commented on the article as follows. The famous foreign folklorist, Professor Mayder, explained the proverb as follows:“Proverbs are used in a wide range of situations and no limits to the use of the proverb. They can be used to:“strengthen our arguments, express certain generalizations, influence or manipulate other people, rationalize our own shortcomings, question certain behavioral patterns, satirize social ills, poke fun at ridiculous situations”.If we want to know the linguistic and cultural features of German and Uzbek proverbs, we must first listen to the following. Let's talk about the linguocultural features of proverbs. Of course, we can't help but talk about the national character and mentality of nations. Because folk proverbs, which.
Proverbs are an invaluable example of folk art, reflecting the national and cultural characteristics of the people, their worldview and the spirit of the nation. As the famous linguist Dal put it, "a collection of proverbs is a collection of proverbs from the vernacular, a collection of wisdom from experience, a set of common sense, a fact that people have learned in life." Language is the most important factor in expressing the culture, values and beliefs of each nation, as well as the characteristics of the people in general. Linguist Nida says that in order to learn a nation's language, it is important to study its culture. He emphasizes that language and culture are similarly interdependent systems. He explains: “Cultural factors are deeply interwoven with the language, and thus are morphologically and structurally reflected in the forms of the language”. in the example of cultural factors in general, linguist Telia explains the knowledge, traditions and values, daily customs and other cultural indicators of a particular nation and its history, the fundamental foundations of humanity and through them the understanding of the world. He also argues that the language that underlies every culture can never be studied in isolation from culture, and that humanity uses language to express every aspect of culture.Many scholars, such as Henl P. (1958), Sepir E. (1958), GG Morian (1986), and Kramsh C. (1993), have addressed issues such as the interdependence of culture and language in their work. Concerning the linguocultural qualities of proverbs, Nida states the following:
“One of the most challenging aspects of investigating proverbs of a language is the fact that, being considered as one of the best examples of cultural-linguistic interaction, its categories and identified units are continuously changing, so as culture and language are. This is due to the fact that, contrary to fol or intuitive conceptions,language does not lie in dictionaries nor in grammars, but it only exists in the people’s minds. Nida believed that it was natural to study the language and culture of the people directly when studying proverbs. The lexeme that exists in a language is derived from the way of life of that people, that is, the language of the people, which is directly involved in the proverbs and through the proverbs reflects the culture of the people. Also, when we look at articles in different languages, we see that they are a reflection of the historical, spiritual and material culture of the people who speak that language.
Proverbs and sayings reflect cultural values widely accepted in the society and contain widely used and accepted evaluations of human behavior and actions or deeds in various situations and in different circumstances. Surrounding phenomena often become part of proverbs.
We're all aware that English proverbs employ a variety of novel expressive techniques and parallels. We may use Uzbek to introduce these new expressive ways and comparisons. Finally, these English proverbs will contribute to the enrichment of Uzbek culture and language. Now we will give some proverbs with two kinds of translation methods of proverbs: literal translation, combination of literal and free translation, free translation - the first one is free translation and the second one is literal translation. 1. Sour grapes can never make sweet wine. Nordon uzumdan hech qachon shirin musallas chiqmas. 2. Barking dogs seldom bite. Huradigan itlar kamdan-kam qopadi. We can see from the example above that literal translation can maintain the vivid comparison of the original adage. It not only makes things easier to grasp, but it also has the potential

to improve our Uzbek language and culture. Every nation has its distinct culture. As a result, each country's customs, experiences, and observations are unique. Our Uzbek people are unfamiliar with the similarities in English proverbs since they have some distinct historical events and cultural backgrounds. If we translate them literally with explanations or footnotes, the translation may convey the actual meaning of the original proverb, but it loses the features of proverbs—concise language, precise structure, brief form, and so on. Meanwhile, we haven't been able to discover an equivalent Uzbek proverb to translate it, we should use free translation method. For example, ―Fire, Set the. If we translate it literally like this, 'fire, set the Thames on', it is very difficult for our
Uzbek people to understand it. We know, The Thames is situated in the England and English people connect this proverb with their river, but if Uzbeks want to express such situation, they cannot use this river. So they can translate it as their culture ―Epchil xotin qor qalab qozon qaynatar, Substitution translation, which means we use the Uzbek proverb with the same meaning to translate.English proverb. We all know that human culture has much in difference, but also has much in common. Proverbs are produced in people's working and daily life. Therefore, human being's experience and observation have much in common, which are reflected on proverbs. Many English and Uzbek proverbs have the same meaning, connotation and persuading way. In this situation, we should translate them by substitution translation. For example, 'Wall have ears', which has the same meaning and connotation with the Uzbek proverb, 'walls have ears', so we should choose substitution translation method. There are many proverbs denoting senility and youth, for example, English proverb: Children and fools tell the truth. Uzbek proverb: Bola aldamaydi yoki mastlik rostlik. Calf love, half love; old love, cold love →When translating English proverbs about senility and youth, we run into the dilemma that some of them have intricate historical and cultural roots. If we use the literal translation approach, we may represent the proverb's literal meaning, but not the original proverb's connotation; if we use the free translation method, the vivid comparison will be lost, even if the connotation is clearly expressed. In this case, we should combine literal and free translation to translate proverbs. This style allows the translation to convey both the literal and connotative meanings of the underlying proverb. For example, Rule youth well, for age will rule itself→ Yoshlikni yaxshi boshqaring, qarilik o'zini o'zi boshqarar; Yoshlikda hunar olgan, Qarigach, ishga solar→ In Britain, people hold a religious view that cat has strong life power, because when people throw it down from a high place, the cat can stand firmly on the floor without being injured. Moreover, cat is very clever and flexible, so it is difficult to kill it. So people use the proverb 'A cat has nine lives' to imply people who have strong life power or people who can escape from dangerous situation easily. However, in Uzbekistan, our Uzbek people do not know the story. If we translate this proverb literally like this, 'the cat has nine lives', it is very difficult for our Uzbek people to understand the connation of the proverb; if we translate it by free translation like this, 'Ayolning joni qirqta bo’ladi it is easy for our Uzbek people to understand the connation of the proverb, while it is very difficult to understand why English people compare cat with people having strong life power. In this situation, we should translate it by combination of literal and free translation like this, 'cat has nine lives, a woman has forty lives', which will make the translation keep both its literal meaning and connotation. Finally, proverbs are extremely difficult, if not impossible, translate since they are intimately related to the cultural and social framework of the culture in which they are created. Translator training and translation courses at universities and colleges might benefit from proverb research. Such research might aid translation students in developing suitable translation procedures for proverbs, an area where languages differ significantly. People – an excellent educator, people.