English faculty II course paper theme: difference between communicative english and written english

Three aspects of the phoneme

1. The material aspect

The definition states that it is "realized in speech in the form of speech sounds" in the next section. In other words, each phoneme is translated into a collection of recognizable speech sounds, or allophones.

Allophones of the phoneme [t]:

• 
  in the combination “not there” – dental;
  
• 
  in the word “try” – post-alveolar;
  
• 
  in the word “stay” – not aspirated etc.
  

All these sounds are allophones of the same phoneme. They generally meet the following requirements:

1. 
   They possess similar articulatory features, but at the same time they may show considerable phonetic differences.
   
2. 
   They never occur in the same phonetic context.
   
3. 
   They can’t be opposed to one another, they are not able to differentiate their meaning.
   

It is obvious that the difference between allophones is the result of surrounding sounds, the phonetic context. So we distinguish two types of allophones:

1. 
   Principle allophones – don’t undergo any changes in the chains of speech. It is close to the sound pronounced in isolation.
   
2. 
   Subsidiary allophones – in them we observe predictable changes under the influence of the phonetic context.
   

How do we approach the problem of teaching pronunciation? Our main concern is the principle allophone, because it is important in the terms of meaning. Subsidiary allophones are important as well, because your accent may suffer.
What do we actually pronounce?
phoneme —> allophone (phonetic context) —> phone
phone = allophone + individual, regional and phonostylictic difference

2. The abstract aspect

The term "language unit" in the definition that follows reflects this element. The allophone belongs to speech, but the phoneme belongs to language. Speech is an abstraction from language, which is a general category. As a result, speech sounds serve as the physical manifestation of the phoneme as a linguistic unit.

Distinctive features of the phoneme (relevant): these are features that can’t be changed without the change of meaning.
[t] – 1) occlusive, 2) forelingual, 3) fortis.

• 
  forelingual —> backlingual —> [k](tom – com)
  
• 
  occlusive —> constructive —> [s](tin – sin)
  
• 
  fortis —> lenis —> [d] —> (ton – don)
  

A bundle of distinctive features is called invariant.

3.