English faculty II course paper theme: difference between communicative english and written english

Features that make English consonants unique:

1. articulation point;

2.articulation style;

3.Voice: non-existent or present

Distinctive features for English vowels:

1. 
   the vowel quality: [sit] – [si:t]
   

monothong dipthongoid
(front-retractive) (front)
Errors in Phonetics and Phonology:

A phonological error occurs when an allophone of one phoneme is substituted for an allophone of another phoneme.

Phonetic error occurs when one allophone of one phoneme is replaced by another allophone of the same phoneme.

The three components of the phoneme are material, abstract, and functional.

Phonetic notations and transcription.

Written sound is represented by a set of symbols called a transcription.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a system of symbols used across the globe, was developed by a group known as the IPA (International Phonetic Assosiation).
Broad and narrow transcribing are the 2 varieties.

The widespread variation, referred to as phonemic, offers symbols for the phonemes. It is applied in education.

The allophonic narrow form, which offers symbols for the allophones and is mostly utilized in phonetic research: Aspiration, [ph]; [do] partially devoiced.

Broad transcription comes in two flavors: D.Jones and Vasiliev.

By D. Jones: Short and long vowels are represented by the same symbols (he emphasized on length, but it's a non-distinctive property).

By Vasilyev: all vowel phonemes are represented by unique symbols.

Phoneme Theory, Second Part

The phoneme theory's main trends. the evolution of research.

One of the fundamental parts of language is the phoneme. However, it is described significantly differently by several linguistic schools.
The history of phonological studies.
The idea of distinguishing between the functional approach to the study of speech sounds and their material substance was first expressed by the Russian linguist Ivan Alexandrovich Бодуэн-де-Куртене (he is the founder).
in the 20-30s of the 20^th century a number of phonological conceptions appeared in different countries.
Nickolai Trubetskoy (Prague Linguistic Circle)
Roman Jakobson ( -||- )
The theory of these two linguists formed the classical phonology (in Europe).
in the USA at the same time the familiar theories appeared.
There were 2 famous schools in Russia: Leningrad School (Scherba, his follower Зиндер, Бондаренко - woman) and Moscow School (Avanesov, Кузнецов, Реформатский).
Among American linguists: E. Sapir – classical phonology.
All these theories are classical, traditional, static (description, classificatory character).
In the 60s of the 20^th century New Phonology appeared. It was aimed to explain how speech was actually produced and understood.
This New Phonology is known as generative phonology.
N. Chomsky (an American linguist)
They tried to create dynamic models, which were aimed at establishing the sound pattern of a sentence on the basis of its semantic and grammar characteristics.
The main criterion is the approach of different linguistics to the 3 aspects of the phoneme. Some linguists exaggerated the material aspect, some – the abstract one and etc.