English faculty II course paper theme: difference between communicative english and written english

Intonation

Since intonation is essential to communicating meaning, human communication is impossible without it. Without a certain tone, a sentence cannot exist.

Russian linguistics considers intonation to be a complicated structure made up of noticeable fluctuations in pitch (всотa тона), loudness, and pace.

Some linguists also take into account voice timbre or quality.

We'll leave this question unanswered for the time being and focus only on the pitch, volume, and tempo.

Because pitch has a significant linguistic connotation, American and British researchers refer to melody or intonation as such.

Another expression is frequently used in phonetics. This is prosody. Prosody refers to a broader realm that ranges from a syllable to a text, whereas intonation typically refers to the study at phases of research.

We'll utilize them interchangeably.

Pitch's acoustic equivalent is fundamental frequency. Intensity is loudness. Tempo refers to both tempo and pausation (duration).

Analysis of prosody is a task.

Languages all use intonation. It implies that without it, no language can exist.

The fundamental component of intonation is the Intonation Pattern.

the head, the pre-head, the tail, and the nucleus.

The biggest pitch change occurs in the nucleus.

Syntagms are transformed into intonation groups using the Intonation Pattern. A group of semantically and syntactically complete words is a syntagm.

I hope you fully comprehend everything.

An intonation group is a realized syntagm.

The Purposes of Intonation

System 2

A potent communication tool is intonation. It has a huge potential for expressing thoughts and feelings and promotes inter-personal understanding.

The ability to communicate is intonation's primary purpose.

Two instances of intonation are used in this function:

its capacity for meaning discrimination (distinctive function)

its text-organizing skills (organizing function)

Characteristic (phonological) function

To demonstrate that intonation may distinguish between distinct meanings, we must contrast two phrases with identical syntactic structure and lexical composition, where the change in meaning is indicated solely by intonation.
What categories of meaning can be distinguished:

the communicative (syntactic) forms of sentences

Isn't it fantastic? (= a query)

What a beautiful thing! (=a remark made)

Will you please quit talking?

Will you please quit talking?

The communicative type of a sentence can only be altered by changing the nuclear tone.

It's a beautiful day. (=an assertion)

It's a beautiful day (interjection)

Isn't today lovely? (= a query)

Intonation can distinguish between different attitudes:

She succeeded on the test. (=shy, uninterested)

She succeeded on the test. (vivaciously intrigued)

She succeeded on the test. (impressed)

In this instance, not only the nuclear tone but also the head and pre-head can distinguish the meaning. They all communicate a particular attitude.

(=a reality) The fool

The fool. (=extremely sentimental)
The actual meaning of the entire statement can be distinguished by intonation:

Do you possess this book?

never once. (=ни разу)

Not once, but numerous times.

You must not read anything, in my opinion. as a result of your eyes

You must not read anything, in my opinion. (= всякую ерунду)

The shift in center stress (different nuclear tone location) may also cause the change in meaning.

I have plans to leave (= I have plans to go)

I have plans to depart (= I have documents that need to be submitted)

Phrasing can be divided into groups based on intonation:

This is me, DC Smith, my teacher. (= познакомьтесь)

This is Dc Smith, my teacher. (=его зовут доктор Cмит).

However, the nuclear tone is still primarily responsible for differentiating the phrase's meaning. Semantic is another name for this function.
The following is what we mean by organizing function:

the function of intonation in the integration and delimitation processes

while arranging the text's informational content

These processes all run concurrently.

Delimitation is the process of dividing a sentence into smaller units using intonation:

phonopasseges;

phrases;

groupings of intonations.

Integration is the process of combining smaller units into larger ones.

phrases -> intonation groups -> phonopasseges -> text.

The function of tone in communicating a text's informational substance.

While itnation might draw attention to the most crucial information, it also reveals what the audience already knows.

Peter traveled to Paris after receiving knowledge (the rhyme's theme).
In most cases (80%) in English the last notional word has the nuclear tone. We call this position unmarked (=обычная), sometimes – end-focus.
Did Peter go to Paris?
No, Mark went to Paris. (it’s marked position of the tone).
Any part of speech can carry new information and take the focus position.
The book is not on the table, it’s in the table.
Intonation is also instrumental in conveying shades of meaning. It may be in balance with syntactic structure and lexical composition of an utterance, but it may also neutralize or even contradict them
Isn’t it ridiculous? (a question pronounced as a statement).
How very nice. (=negative).
This ability of intonation is often used to convey irony.
the intonation's pragmatic purpose.

The crucial component of communication is how it affects the listener's thoughts, actions, and perceptions. Pragmatics is the study of how language is used specifically to influence others.

In addition to producing SOMETHING of influence, pragmatics places a special emphasis on the choice of language.

The use of tone for a particular purpose constitutes the pragmatic function of intonation. Intonation helps the speaker achieve his or her practical goal.

The pragmatic function is said to have guided the selection of nuclear tones. A request can be made using a statement.

Are you coming?

Come on over and assist me.
When the listener's intellect or emotions are affected, the pragmatic function is achieved. Intonation can convey a wide variety of emotional and attitudinal implications. Each nuclear tone and intonation pattern has a specific attitudinal coloration associated with it.

The car costs a lot of money. (involved, affected)

The car costs a lot of money. (disinterested, detached)
Emotions are expressed with emphatic pauses. Pitch, volume, and tempo changes help to express the statement more fully and to fulfill its pragmatic purpose.

Although pragmatic function can be seen in many forms of communication, it is undoubtedly very important in public speaking and declamatory style. The role is occasionally referred to as rhetorical.

In addition to transmitting information, intonation is utilized to affect (impress) the listener, fulfilling its pragmatic role. It is evident that effective communication depends on both what is said and how it is said.

The purpose of intonation in society

Intonation plays a significant part in revealing a person's social standing, social identity, and social role. It is a sign of older age, female gender, superior rank, and authority.

According to D.Crystal there are some professions that are highly verbal: layers, preaches, teachers… They have distinctive prosody.

There is also the phonostylistic function.
To sum everything up:

The primary Communicative function is realized in all of the specific functions.

In phonetic study today, academics and English language learners don't focus solely on intonation. They also take into account the context, both linguistic and extralinguistic. Both the current context and the situational context are taken into account. We strive to understand and explain the phonetic facts rather than just stating them.

Phonostylistics issues

The study of language in use is linguistics' main focus. It is especially pertinent to phonetic studies. We're curious about how phonetic units are applied in various social contexts. Our decision on language means is influenced by the additional linguistic context.
A specific area of linguistics explores how language meanings operate in various contexts. Functional stylistics is what it is. Functional style, or a set of linguistic tools utilized in a certain circumstance, is its main focus.

The study of phonetic units, both segmental (sounds) and suprasegmental (intonation), as they are used in a specific extralinguistic context is known as phonostylistics.

The extralinguistic situation is made up of three parts:

the objective;

It is the most crucial element that directs communication. The goal is what you hope to accomplish (to learn or impart knowledge, to instruct, to amuse, to converse). When it comes to pronunciation, the goal is crucial.

Even though the topic is less significant, it is still relevant.

Numerous pronunciation variances may result from this element, which depend on both the speaker's personal traits and the nature of their interpersonal interaction.

We must take into account both individual and sociocultural characteristics, such as the speaker's social standing, social circle, or class.

participants

Another crucial factor is the nature of the interaction between the participants, which is represented in the tone (тоналноcт) of the speech: official or casual, friendly or unfriendly, SOMETHING.

and it has a significant impact on the language strategy chosen.

The speaker's social roles play a significant role as well. Teacher and student share an authority-subordination relationship.

A scenario or setting

There are numerous aspects of this component:

Participants' physical orientations (proximics researches inter-person distance)

Setting can also be defined in terms of formality, informality, monologuing, poliloguing, and dialoguing.

The channels of contact are also included: face-to-face, in-person, over the phone, and through the media. (аксиальноe – радиальное)

The selection of linguistic means is influenced by all extralinguistic factors.

The elements (p. 25)