Participle (-ing and -ed) clauses can be part of the postmodification of a noun:
I noticed a boy lying on the grass.
I read a book called The White Hotel. (a reduced passive)
These can be related to finite relative clauses (see B10) containing a relative pronoun
and a form of the verb be:
I noticed a boy who was lying on the grass.
I read a book which is called The White Hotel.
In this case they are part of one element of the main clause.
There is another situation where nonfinite clauses function as a clause element
themselves. This is where they are loosely attached to the main clause as adverbials,
for example:
To cut a long story short , I’ve lost everything.
Shaken by this experience , he decided to resign.
Using this principle , we can solve many problems.
Note the comma in writing that separates them from the rest of the sentence. In the
last two of these examples the identity of the unmentioned subject of the nonfinite
verb can be found in the main clause. The -ed participle suggests a passive meaning
(he was shaken by this experience), while the -ing participle suggests an active mean
ing (we use this principle . . . ).
-ing clauses can be preceded by prepositions, i.e. they can be part of prepositional
phrases, for example:
On hearing this , the crowd gave a big roar.
By applying early , you increase your chances of success.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |