English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
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- Activity A11.3
Extraposition
We saw in A10 that subordinate and nonfinite clauses may be the subject of main clauses. However, such clauses may become quite long, so in order to avoid having long subjects and observe the principle of endweight, extraposition (sometimes called ‘anticipatory it’) may be used: It is well-known that she is brilliant. It must be terrible to live so long in such awful conditions. ✪ Activity A11.3 68 I N T R O D U C T I O N Here it is a ‘dummy’ subject, replacing the (nonfinite) clause to live so long, which has been ‘extraposed’ to the end of the sentence. It is also possible to say To live so long in such awful conditions must be terrible. But this could sound awkward. Extraposition can also take place with objects when there is a nominal clause: I like it when you read to me. I would appreciate it if you could phone me. Here it refers to the following clauses. It can also be omitted: I like when you read to me. But the use of it makes it clearer that the following element is an object, rather than an adverbial, as in I like when you read to me to be lying in bed. There are two cases of extraposition in the above text on ‘Extraposition’. Can you find them and convert the sentences to their ‘unextraposed’ equivalents? Clefting Cleft sentences allow different elements to be focused on. There are two types, both involving the addition of a subordinate clause to separate out the less important information. With ‘it clefts’ a ‘dummy’ it is used to introduce the sentence, as with extraposition, but then there is a finite form of the verb be followed by the focused element as its predicative (the violence in the example below). The sentence is com pleted with a relative clause: It’s the violence that I hate most. Compare this with a basic clause: I hate the violence most. Clefting is the structure that is used when testing for central adverbs in B4: It was loudly that he spoke. The other type of clefting is called ‘wh- cleft’ (or ‘pseudocleft’). It uses a nominal clause introduced by what to separate out the less important information and place it at the start of the sentence. This nominal clause is the subject of the main clause; it is followed by a finite form of the verb be and the focused element as a predicative, as in this example: What I hate most is the violence. Turn the sentence below into three different it cleft sentences using each underlined element. John noticed the damage later. Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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