English Grammar: a resource Book for Students
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English Grammar- A Resource Book for Students
Activity A11.2
66 I N T R O D U C T I O N Sometimes it is necessary to have more than one focus in a sentence. Then a number of devices such as fronting and clefting (see below) can be used to make use of the beginning in addition to the end of sentences. A third principle behind the arrangement of sentences is the ‘information prin ciple’. As a general rule information at the start of a sentence in English is taken to be ‘given’ or old, whereas that at the end is regarded as new – particularly if it is focused on. A typical pattern in a text might be where a sentence starts with given information followed by new; then in the next sentence, this new information becomes the given information to which more new information is attached. In the next two sentences the division between given and new is shown by a slash (/): They / have found a new way of distilling essential oils. This discovery / could eventually lead to savings in production costs. This organisation of sentences helps with the ‘cohesion’ of texts (see B11). One more reason for using the passive (see A6) is to bring an original object to the front of a clause where it is understood as given information: Macbeth was written by Shakespeare. Here, ‘Macbeth’ would have already figured in the discussion and ‘Shakespeare’ is the new piece of information. To say Shakespeare wrote Macbeth would have different implications. However, the given/new pattern does not always exist; it is quite possible for there to be no given information in a sentence; see ‘existential there’ below. These three principles are not hard and fast rules, and sometimes they are in conflict with one another. And there are other reasons, for example, to have the same (or similar) ‘topic’ in initial position in succeeding sentences. The concept of topic is discussed in the reading in D11; it is called ‘theme’ there (though some grammarians distinguish the two). Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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