M U LT I - W O R D V E R B S
111
So what is
up in sentence 1? It is not a preposition according to our definition (because
it does not go with a noun phrase). It is usually called a ‘particle’, or ‘adverb particle’
(making it another type of adverb to add to the list in B4). Phrasal verbs such as
look up are combinations of verb + particle. The particle has nothing to do with
any following noun phrase; the fact that it can be placed after the object, as in
sentence 1 above, shows this. Particle movement is a key technique for distinguishing
(transitive) phrasal and prepositional verbs.
Decide whether the verbs in the sentences below are phrasal or prepositional
by seeing if the ‘little word’ can be moved.
1.
Don’t look at the floor.
2.
Who carried out the attack?
3.
Let’s wait for them a bit longer.
4.
I have found out nothing.
5.
Everything depends on your answer.
6.
Why did you put on those shoes?
7.
Cars always break down at inconvenient times.
One reason for confusing phrasal and prepositional verbs is that particles look like
prepositions; indeed, their membership overlaps extensively (cf. determiners and pronouns
in A3). But some words can only be particles:
out (in standard English),
away and
back
are the most common ones. And most prepositions cannot be particles, e.g.
to,
at.
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