I can have a word with you, which in turn is more polite and less imposing than
someone who says I want to have a word with you. Tense and aspect choices are
therefore also implicated in speech acts (→ 423).
On the larger scale, speakers need to perform functions such as opening con-
versations, closing them, making sure they get their turn to speak, and so on. These
are referred to in passing in this chapter (→ 423d) and are dealt with in greater detail
in 104–122 ‘From discourse to social contexts’.
Speech acts can only be interpreted in context, and so it is often necessary to
use quite long examples to illustrate how particular acts are realised, especially in
face-to-face conversation, where speech acts such as requests, invitations, advice, etc.
have to be carefully negotiated between speakers and listeners and are not necessarily
realised in one phrase or clause.
Although we also exemplify speech acts in written texts, and although there are
a potentially huge number of possible speech acts which could be discussed, our
emphasis in this chapter will be on the performance of the most common, everyday,
frequent speech acts which occur in spoken contexts, using grammatical resources.
We focus particularly on those speech acts which are interactive, involving getting
others to act in a particular way.
Typical speech acts which occur in academic contexts are covered in 140–154
‘Grammar and academic English’.
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