WAYS OF REALISING SPEECH ACTS 409
Principally, speech acts are realised using the following resources:
•
formulaic utterances (fixed expressions conventionally associated with particular
speech acts): greetings such as Hi, Goodbye; expressions of reaction to events
such as Congratulations, Gosh!, Sorry, Excuse me, Pardon.
•
explicit lexical items (speech-act verbs or speech-act nouns) to perform or to label
the speech act: I pronounce you man and wife; My advice is not to use olive oil.
•
syntax (e.g. clause types, tense and aspect choices): Was I surprised! as an
exclamation; Did you want to say something? as a polite invitation to someone
to take the speaking turn.
•
modal constructions (typically modal verbs): Can I get you a drink? uttered as
an offer; You must be patient as a directive.
•
prosodic means: a declarative clause plus rising intonation may indicate a
question rather than a statement, e.g. A: You’ll be arriving late? B: Yes.
S P E E C H A C T S
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