English philology department hamroeva Shahnoza Muxriddin Qizi

Literature Review

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   The Concept of the Dictionary
   

According to Landau (2001), a dictionary is briefly defined as "a book containing an alphabetical list of words with descriptions of their meanings". The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines a dictionary as "a book that lists the words of a language in alphabetical order and explains their meaning or gives a word for them in a foreign language. " Atkinsand Rundell (2008), in more detail, defines a dictionary as "a set of words in one or more specific languages, usually arranged in alphabetical order...with informational usage. , definition, etymology, phonetics, pronunciation, translation and other information It is a dictionary product designed for utility and function, organized with selected data, presented presented in a way that shows the interrelationships between the data.

The oldest known dictionaries have been attributed to modern Syria (Ebla) in cuneiform tablet form, circa 2300 BC. From this discovery, many other dictionaries were born, such as the Spanish, Greek, French, English, Arabic and Indian dictionaries. The first recognized English alphabetical dictionary was written by Robert Cawdrey in 1604 (Skinner, 2013). After Cawdrey's publication, little attention was paid to the effort, which led Skinner to remark that "it is a disgrace to our nation that so far we have had no . . . standard. in our own language, our dictionaries are now more true to what our neighbors call their wordbooks than dictionaries in the higher sense of that title.”
Following a number of contributions by scholars such as Elisha Coles, Thomas Bout and Phillip Edward; Samuel Johnson in 1755 produced a widely accepted and trusted dictionary - Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language. Johnson's work is considered the first modern dictionary. Other notable dictionaries were published much later, such as Webster's American Dictionary published in 1825. (Neilsen, 2008)
There are many types of dictionaries, namely: monolingual dictionaries - intended for first language users to define words in that language; Bilingual dictionaries for second language users, written in the user's first and second languages, with translations from one language to another; learning dictionary for foreign language learners; picture dictionary with image support; electronic dictionary; online dictionary; pocket dictionary and others. ¹
According to Wolter (2015:5), “students have several dictionary [sic] options to choose from – print, online, and electronic resources. Traditionally, paper dictionaries have been a common feature of the ESL classroom. These include illustrated, monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. For learners with lower language skills, picture dictionaries provide essential vocabulary in word form as well as images; instead of definition. Similarly, Takahashi (2017) argues that "different dictionaries have helped learners find the meaning of unfamiliar words, guided them to form sentences correctly, and provided guidance [sic] on how to use words in appropriate context".
According to Aleeva & Safiullina (2016), “Working with traditional printed dictionaries requires concentration and logical thinking. Translations made using printed bilingual dictionaries may not be downloaded or copied; It is the product of the author's intellectual labor. Therefore, for secondary school students should use paper dictionaries.
However, Al-Jarf (1999) and Tang (1997) found that in recent times, ESL learners are using electronic dictionaries more than paper dictionaries. Nurmukhamedov (2012) identifies six popular online dictionaries for ESL learners: Cambridge Learner's Dictionary, Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Macmillian Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary.
The functions of these dictionaries are basically to determine the meaning of words, etymology of words, pronunciation, spelling, syllables, acronyms, translations and usage among other things.
Landau (2001: 29) specifically describes the nature of dictionaries for second language learners in the following terms: ESL dictionaries contain many foreign language instructional features such as information on pronunciations, word patterns and phrases with certain characteristics of a children's dictionary - definitions expressed in simplified language and sometimes with a controlled vocabulary".
Boulton & Cook (2017) further commented that "Dictionaries are one of the most widely used tools for learning foreign languages ​​and second languages ​​(L2) and can help with both frequent and non-routine entries. frequent". ²
As a result, dictionaries are an essential learning resource for second language learners, both in and out of the classroom. Teachers also need dictionary skills to teach English effectively.

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