Environmental laboratory exercises for instrumental analysis and
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Environmental Laboratory Exercises for Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry
Ca (mg/L) Standard Addition
Abs. Ca Conc. in Coca-Cola = 12.1 y = 0.0130x + 0.157 Figure 14-1. Results from a standard addition experiment in the determination of Ca in Coca-Cola. 154 DETERMINATION OF A SURROGATE TOXIC METAL IN HAZARDOUS WASTE REFERENCES Harris, D. C., Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 5th ed., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1999. LeGrega, M. D., P. L. Buckingham, and J. C. Evans, Hazardous Waste Management, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994. Skoog, D. A., F. J. Holler, and T. A. Nieman, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th ed., Harcourt Brace College Publishing, Philadelphia, 1998. REFERENCES 155 IN THE LABORATORY The goals of this series of procedures are (1) to show that many elements and compounds can be analyzed by more than one technique and (2) to illustrate the nature of one complex sample matrix. Although the samples are not actually toxic, you should treat the sample as though it is toxic; your instructor will observe your laboratory technique, and if you handle the sample improperly, a skull and crossbones will be placed at your laboratory station. Some of the techniques you will use are more direct and simple; others are more involved. It should be no surprise that when a single sample is analyzed by all of these techniques that the resulting concentrations do not always agree. In these labs you will measure the concentration of calcium in beverages by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (using external standard and standard addition techniques as well as matrix modifiers), by EDTA titration (an applied review of quantitative analysis), and using a calcium ion–specific electrode (another review of quantitative analysis), and it will be your task to decide which technique is best for your sample (by your definition or by your instructor’s). The order in which you do these procedures is not important, and they will be assigned randomly so that no two groups are doing the same lab at the same time. The most difficult step will be your first calcium determination, since you will not yet have an idea what dilution to make to analyze your first sample. However, after your first determination you will have an estimate of the concentration that can be used for the remainder of your samples dilutions and techniques. The laboratory techniques are: " Procedure I: Determination of Ca Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and External Standards " Procedure II: Determination of Ca Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, External Standards, and a Releasing Agent " Procedure III: Determination of Ca Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the Standard Addition Technique with and a Releasing Agent " Procedure IV: Determination of Ca Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the Standard Addition Technique without a Releasing Agent " Procedure V: Determination of Ca Using the EDTA Titration " Procedure VI: Determination of Ca Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Ion-Specific Electrodes " Procedures VII: Additional Procedure At the beginning of the first lab you will have to remove the carbonation by setting up a vacuum system. Also remember to sign in each logbook when you use an instrument. Note: For each technique (except the standard addition), analyze the unknown sample five times in order to perform your statistical analysis. 156 DETERMINATION OF A SURROGATE TOXIC METAL IN HAZARDOUS WASTE USEFUL REFERENCES Articles in the Journal of Chemical Education. Index search (an online searchable database) at http://www.jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Search/index.html . Ebdon, L., E. H. Evans, A. S. Fisher, and S. J. Hill, An Introduction to Analytical Spectrometry, John Wiley, New York, 1998. Harris, D. C., Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 5th ed., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1999. Skoog, D. A., F. J. Holler, and T. A. Nieman, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th ed., Harcourt Brace College Publishing, Philadelphia, 1998. Van Loon, J. C., Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Selected Methods, Academic Press, New York, 1980. Before beginning any procedures using the AAS unit, you are expected to learn about the instrument and analytical methods by reading the relevant sections in your textbook. Some further reading will be made available from the instrument manuals. There are also guidelines for each instrument for startup and shutdown. Follow these closely! USEFUL REFERENCES 157 PROCEDURE I Determination of Ca Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and External Standards The goals of this experiment are (1) to refine your ability to make reference standards (Ca), (2) to learn to use the atomic absorption spectroscopy system using external standard calibration, (3) to determine the linear range for a set of Ca standards, and (4) to determine the concentration of Ca in an unknown sample (analyze the unknown at least five times). Plan ahead and understand this procedure completely before you come to lab. For a review of FAAS, refer to Chapters 8 and 9 of Skoog et al. (1998). Prepare all solutions before using the FAAS unit. External Standard Calibration Method. This is the normal way of using a calibration curve; you make a set of standards, measure the instrument’s response to the standards and unknowns, make a calibration plot using linear least squares analysis (LLS; Chapter 2) (or use the automated calibration software with your instrument) and use the instrument response to estimate the concentration in your unknown samples. I suggest analyzing your standards from low to high concentration, making a blank measurement before (between) each standard. Repeat the standard and blank measurements twice. This will give you 15 to 20 blank measurements that you will need to determine the noise level and your minimum detection limit (equations for these are contained in the spreadsheet from Chapter 2). 1. Make a set of Ca standards (each standard should contain 1% concentrated ultrapure HNO 3 in the final solution). Calcium concentrations in the final solutions should be 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 50 mg of Ca per liter. (Your Download 5.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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