Etymology of the english language

Why are words borrowed?

• Extra-linguistic reasons: contacts of different kinds with other nations: wars, trade
• Linguistic reasons:
• 1. to fill the gap in the vocabulary
• 2. to represent the same notion in some new aspect

Classification according to the source and period of borrowing

period	source	examples
I BC	Latin	Butter, cheese, cherry, plum, pea, pepper, cup, kitchen, wine, etc.
V AD	Celtic	Toponyms: London
VII AD	Latin	Priest, nun, monk, candle

Classification according to the source and period of borrowing

period	source	examples
VIII-XI AD	Scandinavian	Sk-: ski, sky, skin. Husband, window, to call, to take, to die
XI-XIV AD	French (Norman)	Administrative terms: state, government Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime Military terms: army, war, soldier Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library Common words: table, plate, dinner, supper

Classification according to the source and period of borrowing

period	source	examples
Renaissance	Latin	Intelligent, to create, to elect, phenomenon, philosophy, etc.
Renaissance	French Parisian	Ballet, machine, matinee, scene, technique, police
Different periods	Italian Spanish Dutch Russian	Piano, violin, opera, alarm, colonel Negro, comrade Cook, skipper, deck Droshky, knout, shchee, sputnik, pryzhok