- Translation loans (calques, loan translations) - borrowing by means of literary translating words (usually one part after another) or word combinations
- Etymological doublets - two or more words originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonetic shape and in meaning
Doublets come into existence in different ways: - Native+borrowed: shirt (N) - skirt (Sc)
- Borrowed, different source: senior (Lat) – sir (Fr)
- Borrowed, different period: cavalry (Norm Fr) – chivalry (Par Fr)
- Borrowed, different dialects: captain (North Fr) – chieftain (Central Fr)
- From one OE word:
- sceadu (OE) – sceadu (Nom Case) – shade
- sceadwe (Dat C) - shadow
- Shortening: history-story, fanatic – fan, defence - fence
International words - words borrowed by several languages - Names of sciences: Biology, Mathematics
- Terms of art: portrait, marine
- Political terms: democracy
- Scientific and technological terms: television
- Sports terms: hockey
- Names of fruits and foods: banana
Assimilation of loan words - adjusting to the norms of the recipient language - Phonetic adaptation (assimilation) - adaptation of a word to the phonetic system of the new language
- Grammatical adaptation - a complete change of the former paradigm of the borrowed word
- Semantic adaptation - adjustment to the system of meanings of the vocabulary
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