Eurasian journal of academic research

2.2 Translation problems of headlines from English into Uzbek
The first fact should be borne in mind that press translation has its own set of challenges. Headlines are an integral and integral part of every newspaper and every newspaper article. This is the most recent and is usually the first thing the reader sees and gives them a further understanding of whether or not they should read the published article. increase. When translating headlines from English to Uzbek, it is not uncommon to use different types of transformations. One of the classifications was proposed by his Russian professor V.N. Komisarov. Linguists classify translation transformations into three groups:
Lexical, grammatical, lexical-grammatical. He associates different transformation techniques with each group of transformations. Lexical transformation thus includes transcription and transliteration, computation, and lexical semantic substitution (specification, generalization, and modulation). Grammatical transformations are formed by grammatical substitutions, syntactic analogies, sentence separations, and sentence integrations. Lexical Transformation includes the following methods:
Antonym translation, explanation and compensation [1, pp.172-173]. This classification provided the basis for the analysis. Such types of transformations as permutations, additions and deletions were taken into account, as they were found to be used for translating headings, as well as other types of transformations identified by V.N. Komisarov. This article details the translation transformation used to convert The Guardian newspaper headlines to Uzbek. Each type of conversion is supported by several examples in various sections. Newspaper headlines are very important in modern life as they perform the task of grabbing the reader's attention while conveying important information. This work examines in detail the types of translation transformations in which English titles are translated. Pay special attention to specific examples

Identify details of headings and their translations. Based on a study of the peculiarities of translation of newspaper headlines, the most commonly used transformations in translation into Uzbek are identified and detailed statistics are provided. V.N.Komissarov includes transcription, transliteration, computation, specification, generalization and modulation in the group of lexical transformations. During the course of research, each of the breeds was selected to a greater or lesser extent under the Guardian's considered headlines. In this case, transliteration, calc and transposition were the least common transformations, and transcription was the most common transformation. A total of 31 lexical conversions were assigned from the 301 identified cases, accounting for 10%. Each specific lexical transformation is further explained. Thus, in transcription and transliteration, the form of the lexical unit of the source language is transmitted along with the characters of the target language.

For transcriptions the audio format is sent and for transliterations the graphic format is sent. The boundaries between these two types of lexical transformations are well known to be used together in translation, so it is admittedly rather ambiguous. 
Nevertheless, within the framework of the 104 headlines analyzed, it becomes clear that the transfer of the foreign-language phonetic form is more favorable. its transcription. During the course of the work, 10 newspaper headlines were identified, the transcription of individual words used for their translation. Transliteration was applied only when translating the two titles. So the percentages are distributed among them as follows:
Transcription — 32% of all instances of transliteration identified; transliteration — 6%. In fact, names of celebrities, various names, political events, etc. are usually transcribed and translated. Many of these names will eventually become popular and accepted for translation, so only names that are unlikely to be widely used have been considered in this work. You can browse the following titles:
"Russian Prosecutor Indicts Kremlin Critic Bill Browder". The name of the Kremlin critic is given at the end of the headline. As already mentioned, transliteration was applied to the translation of his two English headlines. This type of lexical transformation was used in conjunction with the transcription method. Calque is a transcription by replacing the constituent parts of the lexical units of the original text with their counterparts in the target language. In addition to transliteration, Calque transformations are highlighted in only two of his translated newspaper headlines, accounting for his 6% of all lexical transformation cases identified. The first title with Kalke applied to the translation reads:
“Britain targets Eurovision viewers to counter Russia’s ‘information warfare’. The following translations were provided:
"Buyuk Britaniya "Yevrovideniya" tamoshabinlari Rossiyaning information urushlariga qarshi turmoqchi". H. Each part of the original word was translated into Uzbek respectively.
Information — Information, War — Urschler. Another headline, translated as Calque, reads: "In an era of constant cyber warfare, Britain must confront Russia." In this case, Kalke was applied to the word "cyber warfare", which was later translated as "kiber rush". The specification method means replacing words in the foreign language in the broad sense with words in the narrow sense of the translation language. Generalizing, the opposite permutation occurs.
A word with a narrow meaning in the source language is represented by a word with a broad meaning in the source language
Target language. 
Specification transformations and generalizations have become the second most frequently used lexical transformations in the translation of newspaper headlines, after transcription. The study revealed 7 cases using specification and 7 cases using generalization. When translating the title, the translator applies the specification to the phrase "Chemical Weapons Vote". A literal translation of the sentence would be:
yadroviy qurollarga ovoz berish . However, the translator decided to apply the specification, which resulted in the replacement of attributes with adverbial modifiers. Since ОЗХО is the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, this indicates the voting location mentioned in the title. The spec was also used in translating the headline "What can the US target in Syria and how Russia might respond?" Phrases have also been replaced in this example. The translator replaces the adverbial modifier "Syria" with a specific object.
Suriya obyektlari. Another type of lexical transformation is modulation. A translation transformation in which a unit in the source language is replaced by a unit in the target language, logically the second meaning follows the first. During the course of our research, lexical transformation modulation was found in only three headings. This corresponds to 10% of the number of all identified cases of lexing. The next set of conversions to check are grammatical conversions. More details about them are given below. Thus, some English newspaper headlines are translated into Uzbek through grammatical transformations such as syntactic analogy. In this case, the translated title retains the entire set of phrases and their order. As a result of the translation, it turns out that the newspaper headlines have undergone this change. This accounts for one-fifth of the grammatical changes identified. Here is an example of translating a newspaper headline using syntactic assimilation.
'Best way to beat Putin and Trump? Scrap Brexit' Putin bat trump ga qarshi bo'lish, Breksitdan voz kechish. Sentence structure was preserved in the headline translation. All phrases in the translated title remain intact and in the same place as the original title. 
Therefore, newspaper headlines are very important in newspaper discourse. It is an important part of a newspaper article and serves many functions. English newspaper headlines and Uzbek headlines are different from each other and have their own characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the peculiarities of translation of headlines from English to Uzbek. The purpose of this work was thus achieved.