Exam tips for masters (2nd Year) Tas Rhetorical analysis of the text (scheme)

Syntax (Sentence Structure- =simple, compound, complex, compound- complex; Sentence length; Sentence patterns=declarative, imperative, exclamatory, interrogative, loose, periodic, inverted, juxtaposition. Syntactic expressive means: parallelisms, antithesis, repetition, rhetorical ?, etc.
Tone (Attitude of writer/speaker regarding the subject: ironic, sarcastic, bitter, etc.

GRAMMAR TIPS


Please review these topics to be able to do a LANGUAGE FOCUS task :
1) Usage of articles (exceptions): e.g. "A" is used with the brand names (He drives a BMW; the Hague (city) etc); the Philippines (group of islands)

2) Agreement of S and P (e.g. The company have come up with a striking technology. The staff were qualified – plural verb is used with the singular in form nouns denoting a collective thing or a group of people as a whole unity); War and Peace was written…. a singular verb is used with the titles of books that have 2 lexical components joined by the conjunction "and".

3) –ing forms: FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS

a) the/a +ing +of = verbal noun (the reading of the book); -ings (plural)=verbal noun (Her interruptings are unbearable).
b) Prepositions (in, on, with, without, through, after, before)+ ing=gerund;
c) Conjunctions(when, while)+ ing=participle I.
d) Pariciple I or adjective??? more/the most +ing=adjective (NO degrees of comparison with Part.I); - ing(figurative meaning)= adjective (Participle denotes characteristics according to a real action);
SYNTACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• 
  Ing as a simple S = gerund, verbal noun; (e.g. Dancing is my hobby; The manufacturing of…is a complicated process).
  
• 
  Ing as a complex S = participle I. (They were heard arguing.)
  
• 
  ing as a simple O = gerund/verbal noun. (e.g. She is crazy about dancing).
  
• 
  Ing as a complex O= participle I (e.g. The kids observed the kitten climbing the tree).
  
• 
  ing as an attribute: -ing + noun =part.I or adj. (a dancing girl); noun+of/for+ing = gerund (idea of doing);
  
• 
  ing as an Adv.mod: prep. + ing=gerung; conj.+ing=part I.
  

4) Full and bare infinitive. (Bare inf. is used after modals, sense-perception verbs and the verbs "make, get, have, let" in the Objective-with-the-Infinitive construction and in some set phrases: why do sth? why not do sth? can't but do sth; to do sth rather than do sth (after 'than') etc);

5)Infinitive constructions:

a) Subjective-with-inf.: ,