Family issues in Shakespeare's plays

The aim of the work.
This course work is also connected with the work of the artist of the sixteenth century. First of all, an in-depth study of the author's life and work, and then I planned to write an interpretation of family issues in his plays.
Chapter I.
1.1 About the great sixteenth-century writer- William Shakespeare.
The national pride of England, one of the best poets in the world - this is what they say about this author. William Shakespeare is a famous British poet and playwright, whose talent is recognized by critics and connoisseurs of poetry all over the world. The author's works have been translated into many languages. Some literary masterpieces of the poet are included in the school curriculum. Children are required to study them. In addition, Shakespeare's plays are staged in many theaters around the world. And it has been proven that the works of an English author are chosen for theatrical productions more often than the works of other playwrights.
Years of life and place of birth of the playwright:
-Shakespeare's date of birth is April 26, 1564.
Shakespeare's literary heritage consists of works of poetry and drama. The epics "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "Lucretius" (1594) on Roman history, written on a mythological plot in his youth, were warmly received. These works, especially the "Sonnets" of 1592-1600, show that Shakespeare was inextricably linked with the culture of the Renaissance. Shakespeare's sonnets, one of the greatest examples of world poetry, are divided into two thematic groups: the first 126 sonnets are dedicated to the poet's close friend, and sonnets 127-152 describe the feelings of love and suffering of the lyrical hero for an unfaithful lover. Although Shakespeare wrote several other epics, their authorship is still a matter of controversy. The publication dates of Shakespeare's works do not coincide with the time they were written or staged. There were times when Shakespeare wrote several parts of his work, first two or three parts, then one part. Therefore, literary scholars prefer to study Shakespeare's drama in four periods: the first period - 1590-94, the second period - 1594-1600, the third period - 1600-1608, the fourth period - 1609-1613. Epic, the first tragedy of the 1st period of Shakespeare's dramatic work. In addition to ("Titus Andronicus") and comedy ("Comedy of Errors", "Avoidance of the Curly Girl"), "Henry VI" (part 2, 1590), "Henry VI" ( part 3, 1591), "Henry VI" (part 3, 1591), Henry VI (Part 1, 1592), wrote the first chronicle of Richard III (1593). Shakespeare's "History of the Peoples of Europe", In addition to studying literature and the theater, he also took advantage of the fruits of advanced thinking of the 17th century and combined them with great artistic power in his best works. As in every historical period, Shakespeare's time was full of contradictions and contradictions. Unlike other writers, Shakespeare was sensitive to the complexity of life, social life and human destiny, and not only that, but also focused on depicting drama at a critical moment in the life of society and the individual. As a true playwright, he reveals the social, everyday, spiritual and spiritual reasons for the behavior of the characters. The poet was born into a wealthy family. His parents were respected people. The playwright's mother belonged to one of the old Saxon families. My father was a craftsman, but at the same time a prominent public figure. He repeatedly held serious public positions - he was a member of the municipal assembly, the head of the city council. An interesting fact from the biography of his father - he refused to attend church, for which he had to pay considerable fines.
- Date of death - April 23, 1616.
- The city where the poet was born and raised is Stratford-upon-Avon.
Family and childhood:
Shakespeare had a large family. In addition to William, there were 7 more children. But, due to the fact that his father's trading enterprises brought good profits, the future poet had the opportunity to attend a local school and get a basic education. The main subject at the school was Latin, but students were also taught the basics of rhetoric and grammar. The curriculum included the study of great philosophers and poets. And this left an imprint on the work of Shakespeare.
William Shakespeare began to work early. By the time he was 16 years old, his father's business was not going as brilliantly as before. So he had to start working to help his family. Who the future poet worked for is not known for certain. According to various sources, he could have been a teacher in a village school or an apprentice in a small shop.
The personal life of the poet:
The playwright married when he was 18 years old. This happened in 1582. His chosen one was Anne Hathaway from a family of landowners. The wife was eight years older than William. At the time of their marriage, Hathaway was pregnant, and in 1583 Shakespeare had his first daughter, who was named Susan. Two years later, the couple had twins - a boy and a girl, who were named Hemnet and Judith. Unfortunately, Hemnet lived only 11 years and died in August 1596 (the exact date of death is unknown). Shakespeare's biography has many white spots. Historians still cannot restore it completely. So, it is known that from the city where Shakespeare was born, he moved to London 3 years after the wedding. But the reasons for this move are not known for certain. Some researchers argue that this happened due to the fact that the future playwright fled from his native city because of the anger of the landowner, who found out that William was poaching on his lands.
The beginning of a creative career:
With the move to London, a new chapter in the biography of William Shakespeare began. But far from everything is reliably known about these years of the poet's life. It is believed that immediately after his arrival, he got a job in the theater in the lowest position - his duty was to look after the horses of the gentlemen visiting the temple of Melpomene. There is information that he was not engaged in horses, but in the processing of old plays in a modern way. There are also suggestions that Shakespeare tried to become an actor, but failed. What is reliably known from the short biography of the poet - William was a member of the theater troupe "Servants of the Lord Chamberlain". And he was not only an actor who performed on stage, but also one of the co-founders. He also wrote plays for the troupe. The performances staged on the basis of the author's works enjoyed incredible success among London residents from all walks of life - the aristocracy, ordinary citizens. Thanks to the rapidly growing popularity, financial success also came to the poet. In 1599, the members of the troupe founded their own theater called the" Globe", which was located on the left bank of the River Thames. A few years later (1608), they bought the Blackfriar Theater. Since that time, the poet began to be considered one of the richest people in London. Judging by the reports indicating the purchase of real estate, financial well-being really came to the playwright after joining the troupe of the Lord Chamberlain's Servants. As proof of this, the fact from the author's biography is given that in 1597 he acquired one of the largest houses in Stratford.
What did Shakespeare write during the years of creativity:
Over the years of creative activity, many literary masterpieces have come out from the author's pen. But the British poet did not fixate on any one genre.
His works can be roughly divided into 4 categories. What Shakespeare wrote:
-light comedies;
-ancient plays and sonnets;
-tragedy;
-dramatic stories.
The first literary works of Shakespeare were distinguished by lightness, an abundance of irony. But over time, his plays become more serious, deep, meaningful. In the 16th century, works based on a historical plot were popular in England. And Shakespeare did not miss this moment.
In the early 1590s, he created the plays "Richard III" and "Henry VI" in three parts. These were some of his early works. And they were well received by the local public. Unfortunately, scientists have had and still have difficulties with dating the release of the works of the British author. Too few reliable sources have been preserved to determine the exact year of publication of the playwright's works. But researchers studying the life and work of the great master of classical English literature still tried to highlight the years in which this or that work could have been written. For example, the tragedy "Titus Andronicus", the plays "The Two Crowns" and "The Taming of the Shrew", the comedy "The Comedy of Errors" are usually attributed to the early period of Shakespeare's work. The mid-1590s were the years of a change in the style of the author's works. Leaving light and ironic comedies in the past, he begins to write romantic works. It was at this time that such masterpieces as A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night appeared. At the beginning of the 17th century, the playwright creates several famous plays and tragedies. At this time, "Measure for Measure", "All is well that ends well", "Troilus and Cressida" saw the light. Also during this period, Shakespeare wrote the world famous "Hamlet", "Othello".
The discovery of Shakespeare by the Uzbek audience began in 1935, when in the Drama Theater. Hamza (now the Uzbek National Academic Drama Theatre) staged the tragedy Hamlet. Then in the Uzbek and Russian theaters of Uzbekistan, Shakespeare's Othello, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, King Lear, Coriolanus, Two Young Men from Verona, The Stream of a Crooked Girl. , "Strange horses on a summer night" His works were staged with great success.
In total, over the years of his life, Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, 38 plays, 3 epitaphs, 4 poems.
List of all works:
-Tragedies:
Macbeth;
Romeo and Juliet;
King Lear;
Coriolanus;
King Lear;
Othello;
Titus Andronicus;
Anthony and Cleopatra;
Hamlet;
Timon of Athens;
Troilus and Cressida;
Julius Caesar;
Cymbeline.
-Comedy:
How do you like it;
Comedy of errors;
Storm;
Measure for measure;
Winter fairy tale;
Two Veronians;
Much ado about nothing;
The fruitless efforts of love;
The Merchant of Venice;
All is well that ends well;
A dream in a summer night;
The Merry Wives of Windsor;
The Taming of the Shrew;
Pericles;
Twelfth Night;
Two noble relatives.
-Poems:
Lover's Complaint
Venus and Adonis;
Sonnets by William Shakespeare;
Phoenix and dove;
Dishonored Lucretia;
Passionate pilgrim.
-Historical chronicles:
Richard II;
Richard III;
Henry IV, part 1, 2;
Henry V;
Henry VI, part 1, 2, 3;
Henry VIII;
King John.
The last years of life and the death of the poet:
The English poet spent the last years of his life in his hometown. According to historians, the return from London was due to an outbreak of the plague, from which theaters had to stop their activities, and the actors had a sharp decrease in the amount of work.
But Shakespeare did not completely settle in his native city, he often had to travel to London on business. 3 - 5 years before his death, Shakespeare ceased to engage in creativity. In addition, according to scientists, in 1612 - 1613. the playwright was seriously ill. The researchers made such conclusions after a careful study of the author's handwriting, which had changed significantly shortly before his death.
Shakespeare's wife survived him by 7 years, Anne Hathaway died in 1623. Some confusion among researchers of the playwright's life was caused by the will he left. According to the inheritance document, the eldest daughter Susan and her direct descendants received most of the property. But the surprise was not that William decided to leave almost the entire fortune of his daughter, but that he inherited his wife. The playwright bequeathed to Anne Hathaway "my second best bed." This formulation has caused considerable controversy among historians. Some scholars believe that the poet insulted his wife with such a statement. Others have a different, opposite opinion. Some historians believe that the playwright, when he made his will, had in mind the marital bed, so there is no reason to talk about insulting his wife. Shakespeare was buried at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford.
An epitaph is inscribed on the tombstone of the poet:
“Good friend, for the sake of Jesus, refrain To dig up the dust surrounded by the heart; Blessed be the man who spares these stones, And cursed be he who moves my bones."
Although Shakespeare became world famous after his death, during his lifetime his works resonated not only with the audience, but also with critics.
Thus, Francis Meris (clergy writer) speaks of the poet as the most excellent English writer in the genres of comedy and tragedy. The playwright receives a lot of praise from critics of the 18th century, and by 1800 he was securely assigned the title of national English poet. Even later, in the 19th century, the playwright's fame went beyond England. Admiration for the talent of W. Shakespeare is expressed by such famous authors as Goethe, Voltaire and Hugo.
But not everyone is ready to agree that Shakespeare is a great poet. There are critics who expressed a negative opinion about his work. One of them was the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. He criticized the talent of the British poet as a playwright. Some critics express their rejection of the poet's talent due to the fact that he wrote some of his famous works in collaboration with other literary figures. There is even a hypothesis that Shakespeare is not one person, but a pseudonym under which several writers created plays. What is the basis of such a statement - not a single manuscript has been preserved that would have been written by the playwright's own hand. In addition, Shakespeare's opponents are surprised by his rich vocabulary, although there are no sources that confirm that he received a serious education. Whatever critics say about Shakespeare, for several centuries he has been one of the most popular poets not only in England, but also in the world. Almost every theater stage at least one of his works. And this is not surprising. The author's work had a serious impact on culture and art. Under the influence of Shakespeare's talent, new works appeared in the world, the heroes of which had the same features as the characters in the playwright's plays. According to scientists, about 20 thousand pieces of music are associated with the works of the English poet. In addition, it is believed that the syllable of the playwright's language served as the basis for the formation of modern English. Once I read an article in a newspaper that Shakespeare was from Italy and was a friend of Giordano Bruno in his youth. To avoid the Inquisition, he was forced to flee to England, and Bruno, as you know, was burned at the stake. No wonder there are so many works in Shakespeare's work where the action takes place in Italy.