Fashion general comparative analysis of linguistics

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Comparative analysis of linguistics
By Marupova Shahnoza
Comparative linguistics or comparative-historical linguistics (formerly
comparative philology) is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with
comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness. Genetic relatedness
implies a common origin or proto-language and comparative linguistics aims to
construct language families, to reconstruct proto-languages and specify the
changes that have resulted in the documented languages. To maintain a clear
distinction between attested and reconstructed forms, comparative linguists prefix
an asterisk to any form that is not found in surviving texts. A number of methods
for carrying out language classification have been developed, ranging from simple
inspection to computerized hypothesis testing. Such methods have gone through a
long process of development.
The fundamental technique of comparative linguistics is to compare
phonological systems, morphological systems syntax and the lexicon of two or
more languages using techniques such as the comparative method. In principle,
every difference between two related languages should be explicable to a high
degree of plausibility; systematic changes, for example in phonological or
morphological systems are expected to be highly regular (consistent). In practice,
the comparison may be more restricted, e.g. just to the lexicon. In some methods it
may be possible to reconstruct an earlier proto-language.
Comparative linguistics includes the study of the historical relationships of
languages using the comparative method to search for regular (i.e. recurring)
correspondences between the languages’ phonology, grammar and core vocabulary
and through hypothesis testing; some persons with little or no specialization in the
field sometimes attempt to establish historical associations between languages by
noting similarities between them, in a way that is considered pseudoscientific by
specialists (e.g. African/Egyptian comparisons).
The first practitioners of comparative linguistics were not universally
acclaimed: upon reading Becanus’ book, Scaliger wrote never did I read greater
nonsense and Leibniz coined the term goropism (from Goropius) to designate a
far-sought, ridiculous etymology.
There have also been claims that humans are descended from other, nonprimate animals, with use of the voice referred to as the main point of comparison.
Jean-Pierre Brisset (La Grande Nouvelle, around 1900) believed and asserted that
humans descended from the frog, by linguistic means, in that the croaking of frogs
sounds similar to spoken French; he held that the French word logement,
“dwelling”, derived from the word l’eau, “water”
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