I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- HON AVAR TALUK A Honavar Taluka.
H o l e - N a r s i p u r (population, 6,526), the head-quarters; and 238 villages. The land revenue demand in 1903-4 was Rs. 87,000. The Hemavati river runs through the north, and turning south forms part of the eastern boundary. Two channels, 47^ miles and 12 miles long, drawn from the Sriramadeva dam, irrigate 5,020 acres. Except for this the taluk is sterile, the soil being generally very poor, with bleak uplands in the south. Near Hole-Narsipur are a few isolated hills. Hole-Narsipur Town.—Head-quarters of the taluk of the same name in Hassan District, Mysore, situated in i2°47' N. and 76° 14' E., on the Hemavati river, 21 miles south-east of Hassan. Population (1901), 6,256. The fort was built in 1168 by a chief who also owned Channarayapatna. It was taken by the ruler of Mysore in 1667. It contains the
of the guru of the Uttaradi branch of Madhva Brahmans. Cotton cloth of good quality and gunny-bags are made. The municipality dates from 1873. ^ ' ie receipts and expenditure during the ten years ending' 1901 averaged Rs. 3,000 and Rs. 3,700. In 1903-4 they were Rs. 3,800 and Rs. 4,800. Homalin Subdivision. — Northern subdivision of the Upper Chindwin District, Upper Burma, containing the P a u n g h y i x , H o . m a - l i x , and
M a i n g k a i n g townships. The head-quarters are at Homalin. Homalin Township.— North-western township of the
Upper Chindwin District, Upper Burma, lying along the Chindwin on either bank, between 24 0 44' and 26° o' N. and 94 0 43' and 96° o' E., with an area of 2,524 square miles. It is a mass of hills, comparatively low in the east, but rising in the west to a considerable height. The popu lation, which is almost entirely Shan, was 11,000 in 1891, and 17,624 in 1901, distributed in 166 villages. The head-quarters are at Homalin (population, 1,241), on the Chindwin river, 130 miles above Kindat, and the highest point ordinarily visited by the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company’s steamers. The area cultivated in 1903-4 was 32 square miles, and the land revenue and thatha/neda amounted to Rs. 30,000. Homnabad.—Town in the
of Chincholi, Hyderabad State, situated in 17 0 47' N. and 77 0 08' E. Population (1901), 7,136. It has declined considerably in prosperity since the opening of the Nizam’s Stale Railway, which has diverted trade. Honalli.
of Shimoga District, Mysore. Sec
o x n a l i . Honavalli.—Town in Tumkur District, Mysore. See
o x x a v a l l i . i 6 o HON AVAR TALUK A Honavar Taluka. —Southern taluka
of North Kanara
District, Bombay, lying between 13 0 53' and 14 0 26' N. and 74 0 26'and 74 0 47' E., with an area of 426 square miles. It includes the petty subdivision (
of Bhatkal. The taluka
contains two towns, H onavar (popu
lation, 6,929),
the head-quarters, and B
(6,964); and 152
vil lages,
including M anki (6,008)
and H aldipur (5,109). The population in 1901
was 100,068, compared with
93,523 in
1891. The
density, 235
persons per
square mile,
largely exceeds
the District average. The demand for land revenue in 1903-4 was 1-9 lakhs, and for cesses Rs. 12,000.
The tdluka
is well watered
by unfailing streams. The
Gersoppa or Sharavati river intersects the country, flowing from east to west. The famous G ersoppa F
alls are 35 miles east of Honavar town. Near the spurs of the Western Ghats the forest begins, and, as elsewhere in Kanara, grows deeper and richer as the Ghats are approached. The climate is good. The rainfall is the heaviest in the District, averaging 140 inches at Honavar and increasing to 156 inches in Bhatkal.
(or Onore).—Head-quarters of the taluka of the same name in North Kanara District, Bombay, situated in 14 0 17' N.
and 74 0 27' E., 50 miles south-east of Karwar, on the north of an ex tensive inlet of the sea, which at its south-eastern extremity receives the Gersoppa or Sharavati river. Population (1901), 6,929. In
1903-4 the value of the exports was 6 lakhs, and of the imports 4 lakhs.
The town is mentioned by Abul Fida (1273-1331); and shortly after wards
(1342) is described by Ibn Batuta as rich and well governed, with 23 schools for boys and 13 for girls. At the beginning of the sixteenth century it is said to have exported much rice, and to have been fre quented by shipping. In 1505 the Portuguese built a fort at Honavar; and two years later, in consequence of a dispute with the king of Vijayanagar, they attacked and burnt the town. Cesare de’ Federici (1563-81) calls ‘Onor’ a fort of the Portuguese; and in 1623 De la
Valle found it a small place, still in the hands of the Portuguese. On the decay of the Portuguese power in India, Honavar was acquired by the sovereigns of Bednur; and on the conquest of Bednur by Haidar All, this town also submitted to him. In 1783 it was taken by assault by a British force dispatched from Bombay, under the command of General Mathews; and in 17S4 was successfully defended by Captain Torriano against Tipu Sultan, to whom, however, in the same year, it was ceded by the Treaty of Mangalore. On the over throw of Tipu in 1799
it again came into the possession of the British. The town lies about 2 miles from the coast at the mouth of the Gersoppa river, which, with- a dangerous bar and an entrance channel about
300 feet broad, expands into a lake 5 miles long and 1 to
2 miles
broad. In the lake are five islands, the largest 3 miles long, covered HO XX.A VALLI with palm-trees. About 2 miles north of Honavar is RamtTrth, with a temple of Ramling. Basavrajdurg, also called Fortified Island, about 3 miles from Honavar, was fortified by Sivappa Naik. Honavar has been a municipality since 1890, and had an average income during the decade ending 1901 of Rs. 4,100. In 1903-4 the income was Rs. S,ooo. The town contains a Subordinate Judge’s court, a dispensary, a middle school, and four other schools. Hongal (Bail Hongal).—Village in the Sampgaon tdhtka of Belgaum District, Bombay, situated in 15 0 49' N. and 74 0 52' E. Population (1901), 8,675. There are manufactures of coarse cotton cloth and articles of native apparel, some of which are sold in the neighbouring markets, and the remainder exported via Belgaum to the Konkan. Hongal is built on rising ground at the eastern side of a fine tank from which is drawn the main water-supply of the inhabitants. North of the village stands an old Jain temple, now converted into a ¿ingam shrine, which contains two inscriptions of the twelfth century. The prefix ‘ Bail ’ refers to the fact of the place being built in an open black- soil country. The market is celebrated for the superior class of bullocks brought to it for sale. A large annual fair is held, at which wrestlers from the surrounding country assemble. There is a branch of the Methodist Episcopal Mission with a mission house and a chapel, and two schools, one for boys and one for girls, with 60 and 30 pupils respectively. There are also two other boys 5 schools with 220 pupils. Honnali. —North-eastern taluk of Shimoga District, Mysore, lying between 14 0 4' and 14 0
N. and 75 0 24' and 75 0 51' E., with an area of 331 square miles. The population in 1901 was 68,721, compared with 63,577 in 1891. The taluk contains two towns, Honnali (popula tion, 3,894), the head-quarters, and N yamti (3,461); and 165 villages. The land revenue demand in 1903-4 was Rs. 1,21,000. The
is crossed from south to north by the Tungabhadra with a winding course, and bounded east and west by lines of low stony hills. The north and east consist of ‘ dry-crop ’ country of unusual fertility, good black soil being common, and cotton and
the chief crops. The extreme west is purely a rice country, with some sugar-cane, the staple £ dry crop ’ being rdgi. Very rich black soil prevails around Nyamti and B
. The Honnali gold-mines were started in the south west, at the foot of the hills of which the Kalva Rangan peak (3,388 feet) is the highest, but they have ceased working for many years, owing partly to the influx of water. At a bend in the Tungabhadra, where the Hirehalla enters from the west, is the Kuruva island (14 0
N. and 75
0 45' E.), containing a celebrated Ramesvara tlrtha and temple. Honnavalli. — Town in the Tiptur taluk of Tumkur District. Mysore, situated in 13 0 20' N. and 76° 23' E., 5 miles north of VOL. XIII. M
I 6 2 HOXXA VALLI Konehalli railway station. It is named after the tutelary goddess, Honnu-amma, who in a vision directed Somesvara, a chief of Harn- halli (Hassan District), to found the town. It is situated amid coco-nut plantations, which produce a rare kind called Ganga-pani, the young nut of which yields delicious milk. The inhabitants include many Brahmans. The municipality, formed in 1900, became a Union in 1904. The receipts and expenditure for the first year were Rs. 1,200 and Rs. 330. In 1903-4 they were Rs. 1,300 and Rs. 3,400.
(or Suvarnavati, both meaning ‘golden stream’).— A tributary of the C auvery , rising in the mountains of Coimbatore (Madras). It then flows through the Chamrajnagar
and the Yelandur
of Mysore District (Mysore), and re-entering Coim batore falls into the Cauvery opposite Talakad, after a course of about 50 miles. Its name is an index of the fertility it spreads on both banks. There are ten permanent dams on it, and additional temporary dams are constructed when the water is low. The channels fed by means of these are more than 50 miles in length, irrigating about 5,000 acres. The river also feeds a number of large tanks, such as the Ramasamudra near Chamrajnagar.
—South-eastern District of the Burdwan Division, Bengal, lying between 22 0 36' and 23 0 14' N. and 87° 30' and 88° 30' E. Excluding the separate District of
which for revenue purposes still forms part of Hooghly, it has an area of 1,191 square miles. It is bounded on the north by the District of Burdwan; on the east by the Hooghly river; on the south by the District of Howrah; and on the west by the Districts of Midnapore, Bankura, and Burdwan. The high bank of the Hooghly river is densely populated and lined by gardens and orchards, interspersed with villages, temples, and fac >
tories ; but between it and the bank of the Damodar ^aspects
1
extends a swampy
waterlogged tract,
which gradually rises towards
the north-west. The principal rivers are
the H ooghly , D amodar , and
R upnarayan . The
Hooghly nowhere crosses the boundary, and the Rupnarayan (here called the Dwarkeswar) flows only for a few miles across its western angle. The Damodar;, which formerly entered the Hooghly about 39 miles above Calcutta, now
flows almost
due south
across Hooghly
and Howrah
Districts, joining the Hooghly opposite Falta. The result is a partial obstruction to the current of the latter river, and a consequent deposit of silt which forms the dangerous J ames
and
M ary
S ands
. A s in other deltaic Districts, the silt carried by the rivers is deposited in the river-beds and on their banks, which are thus gradually raised above the level of the surrounding country. Extensive swamps have in this way been formed between the Hooghly and the Damodar and between I100GHLY DISTRICT the latter river and the Rupnarayan; the most important are the Dankuni, Santi, Khanyan, and Dalki marshes. The surface is covered by recent alluvial deposits, consisting of sandy clay and sand along the course of the rivers, and fine silt consolidating into clay in the flatter parts of the river plain. The greater part of the District is flat, with the usual aquatic and marsh weeds of the Bengal rice plain, such as Hydrilla, Val/isueria, Aponogefou, Utricularia , and
Caesu/ia. The Goghat thdna, though very little higher, is still sufficiently dry to have many of the species charac teristic of the western Districts, such as Evolvulus a/siiioides, Tragus racemosus, Aristida Adscenscionis, Wendlandia exserta, and
Gmelina arborea. In the neighbourhood of villages and towns, shrubberies of semi-spontaneous growth and more or less useful species are to be found. The
plpal {Ficus religiosci) and the banyan {Ficus indica), with other species of figs, make up, along with bamboos, plantains
jack
{Artocarpus integrifolia), red cotton-tree {Bombax malabaricum ), mango (. Mangifera ),
Moringa , and
Odina IVodier , the
arborescent part of these thickets, in which are often present the date palm
{Phoenix sylvestris) and toddy-palm {Borassus jlabellifer). The
District contains no forests. Tigers are extremely rare, but leopards are found in the north, and wild hog abound in the Hooghly and Pandua
where they do much damage to the crops. The climate is damp and moist, but the rainfall is seldom excessive, the normal fall being 57
inches, of which 9-7
inches are received in June,
12 in July, 12-5 in August, and 8-i in September. The Damodau is peculiarly liable to sudden freshes, and floods were formerly common, especially in the south. In September, 1823, the Hooghly river rose to an unprecedented height; and in May, 1833,
a very severe storm- wave and floods devastated Mandalghat and the southern parganas. In August, 1844, the Damodar burst its banks and turned the whole country between Bali Diwanganj and Dhaniakhali into one vast sea of water; and in September, 1845, Mandalghat and the south of the District were similarly inundated. Thanks to numerous embankments, floods are now of comparatively rare occurrence ; but in the south the country is still liable to inundation, especially 011 the right side of the Damodar, over which the floods are allowed to spill in order to save the embankments on the left of its course. In the pre-Musalman period Ilooghly formed part of the Rarh and Suhma divisions of Bengal, but the historical interest of the District dates from more recent times. The memories of History many nations cluster round its principal towns, and ' many a village on the bank of the Hooghly is associated with some historical event. S a t g a o n , now a petty village, was the traditional m 2
1100GI1LY DISTRICT mercantile capital of Bengal in the days of Hindu rule, and in the early period
of the
Muhammadan supremacy was the
seat of
the governor of Lower Bengal. In the sixteenth century the channel of the Saraswati river, on which Satgaon is situated, began to silt up, and the principal stream of the Ganges gradually deserted this bed for the Hooghly, at that time a comparatively small river; Satgaon became inaccessible to large vessels, and in 1537 the Portuguese settled at H ooghly
T own . In
1632 this
was captured by the
Muhammadans, after a three and a half months’ siege, and the seat of the royal port of Bengal was removed thither from Satgaon with all the records and offices. The English factory at Hooghly dates from 1651 ; and it was here that the English first came into collision with the Muhammadan government in Bengal, with the result that Hooghly was abandoned for Calcutta in
1690. The
Dutch established themselves at
C hinsura
in the early part of the seventeenth century, and held it until it was ceded to
Great Britain
in 1825.
C handernagore
became
a French
settlement in
1673, and,
though more
than once
occupied by
the English, is still
a French
possession. The
Danes made
a tem
porary settlement near the present site of Chandernagore towards the close
of the
seventeenth century. Their settlement at S erampore , which dates from about 1676, was acquired by the English by purchase in 1845.
In 1759 Burdwan (which then included the present Hooghly Dis trict), Midnapore, and Chittagong were assigned to the East India Company by Mir Kasim for the support of troops to be kept up by the Company; and in 1765 the Mughal emperor invested the Com pany with the Diwani of Bengal. Hooghly was separated from Burdwan as a separate magisterial charge in 1795, an d in 1819 it was constituted a separate revenue jurisdiction. Many changes have taken place in the area of Hooghly from time to time, owing to transfers to and from neighbouring Districts, the most important being the erection of
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