I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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- HINDUPUR TALUK
- Hinganghat Tahsil.
- Hinganghat Town.
- HIRIYUR 143
r 3 S HINDU KUSH infra-trias series in parts of the North-Western Himalayas; and as these rocks appear to be unfossiliferous, the Chitral fossils afford an index, by analogy, to their age also. Owing to the way in which the limestones of the Hindu Kush have been altered by igneous intrusions, it is impossible to say what systems are represented; but, besides the Devonian of Chitral on the southern and south-eastern slopes, it is probable that the Permian and younger rocks known in Afghan terri tory extended into the range, and became folded and altered by the granitic intrusions which Griesbach 1 regarded as mainly Cretaceous in age. The folding system has a general west-south-west, east-north east trend. <• As usual with areas of this kind in the Himalayan region, where igneous rocks of various kinds are found intruded into pre-existing sediments, small quantities of gold are obtained in the rivers which cut through and sift the minerals obtained by the action of the weather on the metamorphosed area. The fauna and flora of the Eastern Hindu Kush are similar to those of the Himalayas lying within the same latitudes. In this region are found the wild goat, the snow ounce, and the wild dog, this last being sometimes met with in packs. Among the snow and ice, the ibex, the red bear, and the snow-cock share a rarely broken solitude. Wild sheep are numerous below the glacial region. The inhabitants of the Hindu Kush are of mixed races, languages, and religions, and possess different political and domestic institutions. The valleys and gorges, many of them extremely fertile, contain the great majority of the inhabitants, but some of the cave-dwellings of the mountaineers called forth the admiration of Marco Polo. The eastern valley communities average from 200 to 4,000 people, who maintain an attitude of independence towards their neighbours. Many centuries have passed since the original inhabitants of the central and western mountains were either converted to Muhammadanism and absorbed by their conquerors, or were driven out and forced to flee to less accessible valleys. The Safis, who now dwell in the mountains north of Jalalabad, are probably allied by descent to their eastern neighbours in K afiki
- stan. In the Northern Hindu Kush the Tajiks are probably descended from an old Iranian stock who were the original occupants of that region. The Badakhshis of the hills arc Shiahs, while those of the plain country are principally Sunnis. Traces of fire-worship have been found in a few places. In Wakhan, and in Hunza, YasTn, and the adjacent valleys, there is a distinct sect, called Mughlis or Maulais, who are connected by Sir H. Yule with the mediaeval ‘Assassins,’ and with the Druses of the Lebanon. What their origin or beliefs are, it is 1 C. L. Griesbach, ‘ Field Notes from Afghanistan,’ Records, Geological Survey of India , vol. xx, parts i and ii. HINDU KUSH 139
difficult to discover. They hold ‘that a man should conceal his faith and his women,’ but they are known to believe in the transmigration of souls. It is also known that they pay tithes to the Agha Khan of Bombay as their spiritual leader. They hold Sunni and Shiah Muham madans in equal contempt: the Sunni is a dog and the Shiah an ass. They revere the Kalam-i-Plr , a Persian work shown only to men of the Maulai faith, instead of the Koran. They drink wine, and their spiritual guides do not profess celibacy. The Persian account of the sect is, that it was founded in 1496 by Mir Sham-ud-dln, who in that year came to Kashmir out of Irak, and whose followers took the name of Nur Bakhsh (‘
The Mughli or Nur Bakhsh tenets are also prevalent in Baltistan. In the Eastern Hindu Kush the people may be divided into four distinct castes or classes : namely, Ronos, Shins, Yashkuns, and the low castes, such as Doms, Kramins, Shoto, &c. The terms Dard and Dardistan have been applied by Dr. Leitner to several of the tribes and the valleys they inhabit. The latter term is merely a convenient expression embracing a large tract of country inhabited by cognate races. It applies to all the country lying between Kafiristan on the west and Kashmir and Kagan on the east. The religion of all at the present time is an easy-going species of Muhammadanism, said to have been introduced in the course of the fourteenth century, and particularly noticed by Marco Polo. That the former religion of the western por tion of this region was a form of Hinduism, and not of Buddhism, there can be little doubt. The preservation of a caste system, and the sanctity of the cow among the Shins, point to this conclusion, while no traditional reverence survives for the Buddhist remains still to be found in the country. In spite of the general conversion of the tribes to Islam, archaic semi-religious festivals, mostly connected with agriculture, are still observed in many parts, more or less in accordance with ancient customs. The mountain villages where Shins are in the majority retain a trace of former idolatry in the sacred stones set up, in one form or another, in almost every hamlet. An oath sworn over such a stone is held to be absolutely binding. In disposition the people are tractable, good-tempered, fond of rejoicing and merry-making, neither cruel nor quarrelsome, and they submit readily to constituted authority. Hawk ing, dancing, and polo are universal amusements, but polo is rarely played north of the Hindu Kush. Polygamy and concubinage are practised by all who can afford it, and the right of divorce is somewhat freely exercised. Infidelity is extremely common, and the men show none of the jealousy of their wives usual in Muhammadan communities. Apparently morality was still more lax formerly than it is now. Islam has not yet brought about the seclusion of women, who mix freely with men 011 all occasions.
140 HINDUPUR TALUK Hindupur Taluk.—Southern taluk of Anantapur District, Madras, lying between i3°4i' and 14 0 8' N. and 77 0 24' and 77 0 55' E., with an area of 426 square miles. The population in 1901 was 92,088, compared with 80,486 in 1891. There are 74 villages and one town, Hindupur (population, 1 9 , 5 7 5 ) , the head-quarters. The demand for land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 1,92,000. On the east and through the centre run two lines of hills, north and south. Between them is a series of undulating uplands. Both the Fenner and Chitravati rivers traverse the taluk in the same direction, but neither is much utilized for irrigation. Hindupur, however, receives more rain than its northern neighbours, has a better soil and a con siderable number of rain-fed tanks ; it is consequently richer, less sparsely peopled, and increasing in population more rapidly than they are. Hindupur Town.—Head-quarters of the taluk of the same name in Anantapur District, Madras, situated in r3° 49' N. and 77 0 29' E., close to the Fenner, and on the branch of tjfrg Southern Mahratta Railway which runs from Guntakal to Bangalore, 70 miles south of Anantapur town. Population (1901), 1 9 , 5 7 5 . Hindupur is the largest town in the District and the centre of the commerce of its southern portion. Tradition says that it was founded by Morari Rao and called after his father, whose title was Hindu Rao. It does a large and increas ing trade in jaggery (coarse sugar), piece-goods, and grain, mostly with Bangalore. Hand-weaving of gunny sacking, common cloth, and blankets is also carried on. Latterly fears of plague have done much to deter traders from visiting it, and its commerce has fallen off. Hindur.—One of the Simla Hill States, Punjab.
N alagarh . Hindustan.—A vaguely-defined area, sometimes applied to the whole of India north of the Vindhyas, in contradistinction to the Deccan (. Dakshin , ‘south’), which lies south of them. Hindustan, in this sense, is bounded on the north by the Himalayas, on the east by Assam, on the south by the Vindhyas, and on the west extends into the Punjab and Rajputana. It accordingly comprises the administra tive tracts forming the Lieutenant-Governorships of Bengal and the United Provinces, together with the eastern portions of the Punjab and Rajputana, and most of Eastern Bengal and Assam. In Muham madan histories the term is used for a smaller area, comprising the east of the Punjab and Rajputana and the greater part of the United Provinces. Thus Abul Fazl treated the province of Lahore as outside of Hindustan. During the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries the term Hindustan was loosely employed by geographers to include the whole of India. The name means the ‘place of the Hindus’; and it has been applied to the
of Northern India, called Hindustani or Urdii, which is a dialect of Western Hindi, with u greater or less admixture of Arabic and Persian vocables, according to the taste of the speaker. Hinganghat Tahsil. —Southern tahsil of Wardha District, Central Provinces, lying between 20° 18' and 20° 49' N. and 78° 32" and 79 0 14' E., with an area of 729 square miles. The population in 1901 was 94,801, compared with 111,465 in 1891. The density is 130 per sons per square mile. The
contains one town, H i n g a n g h a t
(population, 12,662), the head-quarters ; and 207 inhabited villages. T^ie demand for land revenue in 1903-4 was Rs. 1,86,000, and for cesses Rs. 19,000. Hinganghat has a larger proportion of the spring crops, wheat and linseed, than the rest of the District. The local variety of cotton, called after the name of the town, was formerly well-known, but the seed has now become mixed with inferior varieties, and the quality has deteriorated. Excluding 17 square miles of Government forest, 88 per cent, of the available area is occupied for cultivation. The cultivated area in t903-4 was 540 square miles. The tahsil consists of an undulating plain of fertile black soil. Hinganghat Town. —Head-quarters of the tahsil of the same name, Wardha District, Central Provinces, situated in 2o°34 / N. and 78° 51' E., on the Wunna river, and on the Wardha-Warora branch line of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, 21 miles from Wardha town and 492 from
Bombay. Population (1901), 12,662.
An outbreak of plague in 1898 has not affected its prosperity. The name means the ghat or crossing of the hingan -trees
{Balanites aegyptiaca ). Old
Hinganghat was a straggling ill-arranged town, liable to be flooded by the Wunna river during the monsoon. The new town, a quarter of a mile distant from the old one, is laid out in two sets of three broad streets at right angles to each other, and furnished with rows of trees like boulevards. Hinganghat was created a municipality in 1867. The receipts and expenditure during the decade ending 1900 averaged Rs. 35,000. By 1903-4 the income had largely expanded, and amounted to Rs. 70,000, octroi being the principal head of receipt. The town is a leading centre of the cotton-trade. The Hinganghat Mill Company, established in 1881, has a capital of 3-5 lakhs and 30,888 spindles. Another mill, with nearly 15,000 spindles and 160 looms, which began work in 1900, is the sole property of a resident of Hinganghat, who has invested 13 lakhs in it. There are also 10 cotton-ginning factories, and 4 pressing factories, containing 265 gins and 2 presses, with an aggregate capital of about 7 lakhs. The town is supplied with water from the Wunna river. A filtration well has been sunk in the bed of the river at a distance of about two miles, from which water is pumped into an elevated reservoir and distributed to the urban area in pipes. The works were opened in 1883, the capital expenditure being 1-36 lakhs, and the tuxgaxghat T O J I X T 4 I 142 HINGANGHAT TOWN annual maintenance charges Rs. 8,000. Hinganghat has a high school and a dispensary, and a town hall has recently been built. Other large public improvements likely to be completed in the im mediate future are the improvement and extension of the water-works and the construction of a market. Hinglaj.—The best-known place of pilgrimage in Baluchistan, situated in 25 0 30' N. and 65° 31' E., below the peak of the same name on the banks of the Hingol river in the Las Bela State. The shrine, which is dedicated to a goddess known as Nani by Muham madans and Parbati, Kali, or Mata by Hindus, lies in a verdant basin and consists of a low castellated mud edifice in a natural cavity. A flight of steps leads to a deeper semicircular cleft through which pilgrims creep on all fours. Bands of pilgrims, each conducted by a leader known as an
make the journey by land from Karachi. Fees are collected at Miani by a
or hereditary examiner, on behalf of the Las Bela officials, from all except devotees and unmarried girls. The proceeds yield about Rs. 600 to the State annually. Hingol.—The largest river in Baluchistan, 358 miles long. It rises at the head of the valley of Siirab, and drains the western side of the Jhalawan country and the north-eastern part of Makran. The Hingol is known by a variety of names : as the Rej in Surab, as the Gidar Dhor in the Gidar valley, and as the Nal Kaur in the central part of its course. Its principal affluents join it in the south. They are the Mashkai, which meets the main stream under the name of the Pao, and the Arra. The Mashkai drains a very large area, including the Mashkai, Raghai, and Gichk valleys. There is no continuous flow of water in the upper part of the course of the Hingol; it meanders through stony valleys, the w'ater being utilized wherever possible for cultivation, and constantly disappears in underground channels. From Kurragi in Jau downwards the supply becomes perennial. Thence the river passes through a series of magnificent but narrow gorges, and falls into the Arabian Sea in 25 0 23' N. and 65° 28' E. Near its mouth is the celebrated shrine of Hinglaj. Hingoli Taluk.—North-eastern taluk of Parbhani District, Hyder abad State, with an area of 713 square miles. Including
the
population in 1901 was 85,071, compared with 108,153 ’ n *891, the decrease being due to the famine of 1900. The tdluk contains one town, H
(population, 17,256), the head-quarters; and 209 villages, of which 19 are
The land revenue in 1901 was 1-9 lakhs. The Penganga river separates it on the north and north-east from the Basim District of Berar. The soils are mainly regar and alluvial. Hingoli Town.—Head-quarters of the
of the same name in Parbhani District, Hyderabad State, situated in 19 0 43' N. and 77 0 9' E. Population (1901), 17,256, of whom 11,395 are
Hindus, 5,289 Musal- HIRIYUR 143 mans, and 52 Christians. It contains three schools with 230 pupils, of which one is a middle school, and one a girls’ school. It is also the head-quarters of the Second Talukdar, and contains a State post office and a British sub-post office, a Munsif’s court, a dispensary, two ginning factories, and a cotton-press. It was a cantonment of the Hyderabad Contingent up to 1903. Since the removal of the Contingent, some of the Nizam’s troops have been stationed here. Hingoli is a great cotton mart, and is famous as one of the first places in the Deccan at which operations for the suppression of thagi were
commenced about 1833. Fourteen miles south-west of Hingoli is the village of Aundah, containing the ruins of an immense temple destroyed by Aurangzeb. The carvings in the basement are of a very elaborate description, resembling those on the temple of Kailas at Ellora. Hirapur. —
in the B hopal A gency
, Central India. Hirekal Gudda.—A group of hills in the Arsikere
of Hassan District, Mysore State, lying between 13 0 20' and 13 0 28' N. and 76° 19' and 76° 23' E. At the southern end is the temple of Malekal Tirupati. Conspicuous towards the north is Garudangiri (3,680 feet), crowned with a fort built by the Raja of Mysore in 1660. In 1770 it was occupied for a time by the Marathas, but reverted to Mysore. Hiremugalur.—Village in the Chikmugalur
of Kadur District, Mysore, situated in 13 0 18' N. and 75 0 48' E., one mile from Chikmuga lur town. Population (1901), 2,392. Its Puranic name is Bhargavapuri, and here the emperor Janamejaya is said to have performed the sarpa- ydga or ‘serpent sacrifice,’ to revenge the death of his father Parikshit from the bite of a serpent. A spear-headed stone pillar is shown as the
yupa-stambha or ‘ sacrificial post ’ used at the ceremony. Any one bitten by a snake will be cured by going round it and bathing in the pond close by. The village is surrounded by rich black soil. Inscriptions show that it was an
under the Gangas in the ninth century, and under the Hoysalas in the eleventh. It contains a temple to Parasu, the axe of Parasu Rama. Hiriyur.—South-eastern
of Chitaldroog District, Mysore, lying between 13 0 41' and 14 0 12' N. and 76° 26' and 76° 57' E., with an area of 635 square miles. The population in 1901 was 66,290, compared with 45,974 in 1891. After the reconstruction of the taluk in 1903 the population was 48,464. The
contains one town, Hiriyur (popula tion, 2,213), ^e head-quarters; and 152 villages. The land revenue demand in 1903-4 was Rs. 57,000. The south-west is crossed by parallel ranges of low rocky hills. Through a gorge called the Mari Kanave in these hills the Vedavati flows north-east across the centre of the
to some distance beyond Hiriyur, where it receives a con siderable stream from the south, and turns north. The south-west is peculiarly barren in appearance, being covered with masses of hills, |
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