Key Energiya±Buran speci®cations A. 1 Energiya rocket
partmental TrainingComplex for Cosmonaut-Testers
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(Departmental TrainingComplex for Cosmonaut-Testers: cosmonaut trainingcenter of the Flight Research Institute) ONA Ostronapravlennaya Antenna (Narrow-Beam Antenna: Buran high-gain antenna) Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations 491 ORT Otsek Rabochikh Tel (Gas Compartment: section of Skif-DM/ Polyus) OS
system) OSA
Otsek Spetsialnoy Apparatury (Special Equipment Compartment: section of Skif-DM/Polyus) OT Odnovitkovaya Trayektoriya (Single-Orbit Trajectory: Buran abort pro®le) OZEM
Opytnyy Zavod Energeticheskogo Mashinostroyeniya (Experimental Factory of Energetic Machine Building: production facility aligned with KB Energomash in Khimki) PDST
Pilotazhno-Dinamicheskiy Stend-Trenazhor (PilotingDynamic Test Stand/Simulator: Buran simulator at NPO Molniya) PKA Planiruyushchiy Kosmicheskiy Apparat (GlidingSpace Apparatus: spaceplane studied by Pavel Tsybin in the late 1950s)
PMV Postroitel Mestnoy Vertikali (Local Vertical Sensor: Buran navigation aid) PRSO
Polnorazmernyy Stend Oborudovaniya (Full-Scale Equipment Test Stand: Buran simulator at NPO Molniya) PRZS Pribor Registratsii Voskhoda i Zakhoda Solntsa (Sunrise/Sunset Detection Instrument: Buran navigation aid) PSS
Pilotazhno-Staticheskiy Stend (PilotingStatic Test Stand: Buran test stand at NPO Molniya) RD Raketnyy Dvigatel (Rocket Engine: designator for Soviet rocket engines) RDS
Radiodalnomernaya Sistema (Radio Range®nder System: Buran landingnavigation aid) RKA Rossiyskoye Kosmicheskoye Agentstvo (Russian Space Agency: ocial name of the agency from 1992 to 1999, later RAKA and FKA)
RLA Raketno-Letatelnyy Apparat (Rocket FlyingApparatus: family of heavy-lift launch vehicles studied by NPO Energiya in the mid-1970s) RM Rabochee Mesto (Workstation: workstation in Buran cockpit) RMS Radiomayachnaya Sistema Posadki (Radio Beacon Landing System: Buran landingnavigation aid) RNII
Reaktivnyy Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut (Reactive Scienti®c Research Institute: rocket research group in the 1930s) ROS Radiotekhnicheskaya Orbitalnaya Stantsiya (Radiotechnical Orbital Station: man-tended space station studied by NPO Energiya in the 1970s/1980s) RSBN Radiotekhnicheskaya Sistema Blizhney Navigatsii (Radiotechnical Short-Range Navigation System: Buran landingnavigation aid) 492 Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations
RSU Reaktivnaya Sistema Upravleniya (Reaction Control System: Buran thrusters and verniers) RVB
Radiovysotomer Bolshikh Vysot (High-Altitude Radio Altimeter: Buran navigation aid) RVM Radiovysotomer Malykh Vysot (Low-Altitude Radio Altimeter: Buran navigation aid) RVSN
Raketnye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya (Strategic Rocket Forces: branch of the armed forces responsible for missile launches) RVV
Radiovysotomer-Vertikal (Vertical Radio Altimeter: Buran navigation aid) SBI Sistema Vzaimnykh Izmereniy (Mutual Measurement System: Buran navigation aid) SBM
Sistema Bortovykh Manipulyatorov (On-Board Manipulator System: Buran mechanical arm) SChF Srednyaya Chast Fyuzelyazha (mid fuselage) SDI Stend Dinamicheskikh Ispytaniy (Dynamic Test Stand: vibration test facility at Baykonur) SEP
Sistema Elektropitaniya (Electric Power System: Buran power supply system) SGK Sovet Glavnykh Konstruktorov (Council of Chief Designers: coordinating group made up of chief designers and other space ocials)
SGS Sistema Gazovogo Sostava (Gas Composition System: part of Buran life support system) ShLI
Shkola Lyotchikov-Ispytateley (Test Pilot School: test pilot school aligned with LII in Zhukovskiy) SibNIA Sibirskiy Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut Aviatsii (Siberian Scienti®c Research Institute of Aviation, situated in Novosibirsk) SM Stykovochnyy Modul (DockingModule: Buran docking adapter and external airlock) SNiR
Sistema Nadduva i Razgermetizatsii (Pressurization and Depressurization System: part of Buran life support system) SNVP Sistema Nadduva i Ventilyatsii Planera (Airframe Pressurization and Ventilation System: Buran ventilation system)
SPK Sredstvo Peredvizheniya Kosmonavta (Cosmonaut Maneuvering Unit: jet-powered backpack for spacewalks) SPV
Sistema Pityevoy Vody (Potable Water System: part of Buran life support system) STR Sistema Termoregulirovaniya (Thermal Control System: part of Buran environmental control system) STV
Sistema Tekhnicheskoy Vody (Process Water System: part of Buran life support system) Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations 493
SVO Sistema Vodoobespecheniya (Water Supply System: part of Buran life support system) SVSP
Sistema Vysotno-Skorostnykh Parametrov (Altitude/Velocity Parameter System: Buran landingnavigation aid) TK Tekhnicheskiy Kompleks (Technical Zone: area of assembly and support buildings at Baykonur) TKS
Transportnyy Korabl Snabzheniya (Transport Supply Ship: 20-ton crew and cargo vehicle for Almaz military space station, eventually only ¯own to civilian Salyut-6 and Salyut-7 space stations) TMP Tekhnologicheskiy Modul Proizvodstva (Technological Production Module: 100-ton Energiya-launched space factory) TMZ
Tushinskiy Mashinostroitelnyy Zavod (Tushino Machine BuildingFactory: main production facility of NPO Molniya in Tushino) TsAGI
Tsentralnyy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut (Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute: leadingR&D institute of the Ministry of the Aviation Industry in Zhukovskiy) TsIAM
Tsentralnyy Institut Aviatsionnogo Motorostroyeniya (Central Institute of Aviation Engine Building, situated in Moscow) TsKBEM Tsentralnoye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Eksperimentalnogo Mashinostroyeniya (Central Design Bureau of Experimental Machine Building: the name of the ``Korolyov bureau'' between 1965 and 1974) TsKBM
Tsentralnoye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Mashinostroyeniya (Central Design Bureau of Machine Building: the name of the ``Chelomey bureau'' from 1965 to 1983) TsM
Tselevoy Modul (Payload Module: payload section of Skif-DM/Polyus) TsNII-50 Tsentralnyy Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut 50 (Central Scienti®c Research Institute 50: military space R&D institute in Yubileynyy, Moscow area) TsNIIMash Tsentralnyy Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut Mashinostroyeniya (Central Scienti®c Research Institute of Machine Building: leading space R&D institute of the Ministry of General Machine Buildingin Kaliningrad/Korolyov) TsNII RTK Tsentralnyy Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut Robototekhniki i Tekhnicheskoy Kibernetiki (Central Scienti®c Research Institute of Robotic Technology and Technical Cybernetics: design bureau in charge of Buran's mechanical arms, situated in Leningrad/St. Petersburg) TsPK
Tsentr Podgotovki Kosmonavtov (Cosmonaut TrainingCenter: ``Star City'' near Moscow) TsPLI Tsentr Podgotovki Lyotchikov-Ispytateley (Test Pilot Training Center: test pilot school aligned with GKNII in Akhtubinsk) 494 Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations TsSKB Tsentralnoye Spetsializirovannoye Konstruktorskoye Byuro (Central Specialized Design Bureau: design bureau for Soyuz rockets and spy satellites in Kuybyshev/Samara) TsUP Tsentr Upravleniya Polyotom (Mission Control Center in Kaliningrad/Korolyov) TsVK
Tsilindr Vyverki Kursa (HeadingAlignment Cylinder: imaginary cylinder helping Buran to line up with the runway) TUA Transportnyy Ustanovochnyy Agregat (Transportation and Erection Aggregate: crawler transporter for Energiya at Baykonur) TZP Teplozashchitnoye Pokrytiye (Thermal Protection System: Buran heat shield) UD Upravlyayushchiy Dvigatel (Control Engine: Buran thruster) UER Upravleniye Eksperimentalnoy Raboty (Directorate of Experimental Work: directorate of MOM in charge of Energiya±Buran) UKP Universalnaya Kosmicheskaya Platforma (Universal Space Platform: ``bus'' for large Energiya-launched payloads) UKSS
Universalnyy Kompleks Stend-Start (Universal Test Stand and Launch Pad: combined test-®ringstand and launch pad for Energiya at Baykonur) UNKS
Upravleniye Nachalnika Kosmicheskikh Sredstv (Directorate of the Commander of Space Assets: name of the Military Space Forces between 1986 and 1992) URKTS
Universalnaya Raketno-Kosmicheskaya Transportnaya Sistema (Universal Rocket and Space Transportation System: general name for the Energiya rocket family) VA Vozvrashchayemyy Apparat (Return Apparatus: return capsule of Kliper) VDK
Vizir-Dalnomer Kosmonavta (Cosmonaut Visual Range®nder: Buran navigation aid) VIAM Vsesoyuznyy Institut Aviatsionnykh Materialov (All-Union Institute of Aviation Materials, situated in Moscow) VKK
Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiy Korabl (aerospace ship: general word for winged spacecraft, usually used for single-stage-to-orbit spaceplanes) VKS
Voyenno-Kosmicheskiye Sily (Military Space Forces) VMK
Vozvrashchaemaya Manevriruyushchaya Kapsula (Recoverable Maneuverable Capsule: liftingbody studied by NPO/RKK Energiya in the 1990s) VM-T
Modi®ed Myasishchev bomber for transportingBuran and elements of Energiya's core stage VMZ Voronezhskiy Mashinostroitelnyy Zavod (Voronezh Machine BuildingFactory: production facility aligned with the KBKhA design bureau in Voronezh) Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations 495
VNIIRA Vsesoyuznyy Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut Radioapparatury (All-Union Scienti®c Research Institute of Radio Equipment: design bureau in charge of the Vympel landing navigation system) VPK
Voyenno-Promyshlennaya Komissiya (Military Industrial Commission: leadinggovernment body for implementation of space policy) VSU
Vspomogatelnaya Silovaya Ustanovka (Auxiliary Power Unit) VTB
Vneshniy Toplivnyy Bak (External Tank: external tank for the MAKS air-launched spaceplane) ZEM Zavod Eksperimentalnogo Mashinostroyeniya (Factory of Experimental Machine Building: production facility aligned with NPO Energiya) ZSP Zvyozdno-Solnechnyy Pribor (Stellar±Solar Instrument: Buran navigation aid) 496 Appendix C: List of Russian abbreviations Appendix D Bibliographical notes and selected bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES Russian-language sources Any researcher wishing to gain a good understanding of the Energiya±Buran program will inevitably have to consult Russian-language sources. The bulk of the present book is based on the Russian sources listed below. Dedicated books Dedicated books on Energiya±Buran did not start appearing until well after the cancellation of the program. The ®rst substantial work in Russian on Buran was Mnogorazovyy orbitalnyy korabl Buran (``Reusable Orbiter Buran'') (Y. Semyonov et al., 1995). Authored by several leadingdesigners of Buran, it is a detailed and indispensable nuts-and-bolts description of the Soviet shuttle orbiter, but virtually ignores the Energiya rocket. It also lacks historical and organizational background on the program, apparently because it was originally written in the late 1980s, at a time when much of that information was still considered sensitive. Unfortunately, the original text was not updated when the book ®nally appeared in 1995. Another detailed technical description of the orbiter can be found in Aviatsionno- kosmicheskiye sistemy (``Aerospace Systems'') (G. Lozino-Lozinskiy, A. Bratukhin, eds., 1997), which contains over 40 specialized technical articles on Buran and about 20 on the MAKS air-launched spaceplane. Written by specialists of NPO Molniya, the articles deal only with those elements of Buran that NPO Molniya was involved in. Readers looking for historical background will again be largely disappointed. Another landmark work on the Energiya±Buran program are the memoirs of Energiya±Buran chief designer Boris Gubanov. Called Triumf i tragediya Energii (``Triumph and Tragedy of Energiya'') (1998±2000), they were published in four volumes, the last two of which are dedicated largely to Energiya±Buran. While Buran
is given scarce attention, Gubanov's memoirs are a goldmine of information on the Energiya rocket and planned derivatives, ®lling a gap left by the aforementioned works. Gubanov covers both the historical and technical aspects of the Energiya program, clearly relying not only on memory, but on a wealth of documentary material as well. Another important memoir of the Energiya±Buran program is Put k Energii (``The Road to Energiya'') (2001) by RKK Energiya's Vyacheslav Filin. Like Gubanov's work, it mainly concentrates on the development of the Energiya rocket, but is far less voluminous and more anecdotal in style. Vladimir Tro®mov, the ®rst deputy director of NPO Energomash from 1974 to 1993, tracks the development of the Energiya rocket's RD-170 engine in his book Osushchestvleniye mechty (``Realization of a Dream'') (2001). Compensatingfor the lack of decent pictures in these books is a coee table photo album called Mnogorazovaya kosmicheskaya sistema Energiya-Buran (``The Reusable Space System Energiya±Buran'') (A. Kuznetsov, 2004). This contains over 1,000 high-quality photographs not only of Energiya±Buran hardware, but also of the people and the ground facilities, most of them never published before. The accompanyingtext adds little new information, but particularly interestingfor the historian is the near complete text of the 17 February 1976 government and party decree that gave the ocial go-ahead for the Energiya±Buran program. This is one of the very few primary documents on the program released thus far. Notably absent so far in the Russian-language Buran bibliography are memoirs of the test pilots involved in the program and histories written by independent analysts. The best summary of our current knowledge of the program is given in Mirovaya pilotiruyemaya kosmonavtika (``World Piloted Space¯ight'') (Y. Baturin, ed., 2005). Written by Russia's leadingspace historians, this is the most comprehen- sive and up-to-date history of the world's piloted space projects. Organization histories Many Russian space enterprises have published histories of their spacecraft and/or rocket programs. Although inevitably biased, they are an indispensable source of information nevertheless. RKK Energiya, the ``prime contractor'' for the Energiya± Buran program, published a copious history on the occasion of its 50th anniversary called Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya Energiya imeni S.P. Korolyova 1946± 1996 (``Rocket and Space Corporation Energiya Named after S.P. Korolyov'') (Y. Semyonov, ed., 1996). This has over thirty pages of information on the Energiya±Buran program. Specialists of the Experimental Machine BuildingFactory (EMZ) have put out a series of lavishly illustrated books coveringthe airplanes, missiles, and space vehicles designed under the leadership of Vladimir Myasishchev. One series, focusing on Myasishchev projects of the 1950s and 1960s, is called Illyustrirovannaya entsiklo- pediya samolyotov OKB V.M. Myasishcheva (``Illustrated Encyclopedia of Airplanes of the Experimental Design Bureau of Myasishchev''), and a second series is devoted to projects developed by Myasishchev's EMZ in the 1970s and 1980s and called Illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya samolyotov EMZ im. V.M. Myasishcheva (``Illus- 498 Appendix D: Bibliographical notes and selected bibliography trated Encyclopedia of Airplanes of the Experimental Machine BuildingFactory named after Myasishchev'') (A. Bruk et al., 1999±2001). One volume in the ®rst series details early spaceplane concepts studied at Myasishchev's OKB-23 in the late 1950s/early 1960s, and one book in the second series elaborates in particular on the VM-T carrier aircraft used to transport Buran and elements of the Energiya rocket. More recently, several more books have come out in the second series, one covering Buran, but these were unfortunately not yet available to the authors when this book went to press. The Chelomey design bureau published a history with the rather bombastic title 60 let samootverzhennogo truda vo imya mira (``60 Years of Sel¯ess Work in the Name of Peace'') (G. Yefremov, ed., 2004). Published to mark the bureau's 60th anniversary, it oers disappointingly little new insight into Chelomey's spaceplane projects. Valuable information on Energiya's strap-on booster rockets and on the Zenit rocket is provided in two histories of the Yuzhnoye design bureau titled Rakety i kosmicheskiye apparaty konstruktorskogo byuro Yuzhnoye (``Rockets and Space Apparatuses of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau'') (S. Konyukhov, ed., 2000) and Prizvany vremenem: rakety i kosmicheskiye apparaty konstruktorskogo byuro Yuzh- noye (``Summoned by the Times: Rockets and Space Apparatuses of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau'') (S. Konyukhov, ed., 2004). The engines of the Energiya rocket are described in detail in histories of NPO Energomash (NPO Energomash imeni akademika V.P. Glushko: Put v raketnoy tekhnike) (``NPO Energomash Named after Academician V.P. Glushko: A Road in Rocket Technology'') (B. Katorgin, ed., 2004) and the Chemical Automatics Design Bureau (KBKhA: stranitsy istorii) (``KBKhA: Pages of History'') (Voronezh, 1995). Magazine articles Before the ®rst dedicated books were published, most of the revelations on early Soviet spaceplane projects and the Buran program came in newspaper and magazine articles in the early 1990s. Amongthese were aerospace magazines such as Kosmo- navtika, astronomiya (``Space¯ight, Astronomy'') (in the Znaniye series) and Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika (``Aviation and Space¯ight''). Many of these articles were translated into English at the time by the US Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) in JPRS Report: USSR Space and JPRS Report: Eurasia Space. Russia's leadingspace mag azine now is Novosti kosmonavtiki (``News of Cosmonautics''), considered by many to be the best space¯ight journal in the world. The magazine ®rst appeared in 1991, at a time when the Energiya±Buran program was already in its death throes, but has carried several historical articles on the program throughout the years. Particularly helpful are a series of articles on the origins of Buran by Vadim Lukashevich published in 2006. On-line sources The richest on-line source of information on the Energiya±Buran program is the website of Russian space¯ight historian Vadim Lukashevich at www.buran.ru Appendix D: Bibliographical notes and selected bibliography 499 This contains a wealth of information on all aspects of the Energiya±Buran program and also has extensive sections on the Spiral program (where Lukashevich has done ground-breaking research using primary documents) and MAKS. The website has an extensive bibliography of Soviet/Russian books and articles on Buran and other Soviet spaceplane projects, providingelectronic versions of many of these. For instance, it has signi®cant extracts from many of the Russian-language books men- tioned aboveÐnamely, Semyonov (1995 and 1996), Lozino-Lozinskiy/Bratukhin (1997) (with English translations of most articles), Gubanov (1998±2000), and Filin (2001). This is a blessingfor the researcher, since hard copies of most of these books and articles are extremely dicult to obtain. Also noteworthy are several personal recollections of the Energiya±Buran program that have never appeared in print before as well as a handful of primary documents. The site has a bigphoto gallery and also contains some excellent artwork produced by the webmaster himself, some examples of which he has kindly allowed to be reproduced in this book. All of the information, pictures, and artwork on the website plus additional material (including documentaries) are also available on a set of commercially available CD-ROMs. English-language sources The only book in English devoted solely to the Energiya±Buran program was Henry Matthews' The Secret Story of the Soviet Space Shuttle (Beirut, 1994), which provided a useful summary of the information then available, but unfortunately contained gaps and inaccuracies that were avoidable even at the time of writing. Most of the information on the Energiya±Buran program released by Russian sources in subsequent years has never been summarized in Western books. Asif Siddiqi's monumental Challenge to Apollo (2000), without question the most elaborate and best-documented history of the Soviet piloted space program to date, was the ®rst book to give a detailed account of the Soviet spaceplane programs of the 1950s and 1960s. However, the Energiya±Buran program is beyond the book's scope, since it Download 0.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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