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- CHAPTER - 2 30 2.1.6. P UBLIC E XENDITURES R
- Public Expenditure reviews are not new for Tajikistan, have always underpinned and informed ongoing
- Public Finance Management (PFM) reforms have really gained traction within the Government and the development partner community since early 2007
- Initial analytical work focused on a series of diagnostic studies to better inform needed PFM reforms
- A second stage PER was conducted during 2012-2014 following the introduction of a 10-year PFM Reform Strategy (2009-2018)
- CHAPTER - 2 31 Overall, capacity to understand, coordinate and implement PFM reforms has improved
- Table 2.6. Key lessons learned from Water sector PER: Budget credibility and reliability
- Budget comprehensiveness and transparency
- CHAPTER - 2 32 Policy based budgeting
- Predictability and control in budget execution
- Accounting, recording and reporting
- External scrutiny and audit
- Sector specific lessons (Education and Health)
PF M re co m m en da ti on s 1. C re d ib il it y of t he b ud ge t 1 R ei nf or ce S ta bi lit y, C re di b il it y, C om p re h e ns iv en e ss a nd Tr an sp ar e n cy o f th e B ud ge t Fo cu s on im p ro vi ng re ve nu e (t ar if fs , r o ya lt ie s) a n d e xp e nd it ur e p la n n in g (p ri o ri ti za ti on , i nv es tm en t pl an s ac ro ss le ve ls ) A ss e ss a n d ad d re ss f is ca l r is ks in w at e r s e ct o r, f oc u si n g o n st at e/ q u as i s ta te e n te rp ri se s in w at e r a nd o th er p ub lic s e ct or e nt e rp ri se s an d h ow th e y re la te t o w at e r s e ct o r fu n d in g/ p er fo rm an ce 2. B u dg et c o m p re h e ns iv en e ss a n d tr an sp ar en cy 2 C le ar d e fi ni ti on s of r es p on si b il it ie s at a C e nt ra l l ev el St re n gt h en in g p ol it ic al g ui da nc e w h e n it s co m es t o b u dg et in g (i n w at er s e ct o rs ) an d u n de rt ak e s ec to r w id e P FM f un ct io n r ev ie w (m ap pi ng ) c o ns id e ri ng th e m ov e t o ri ve r ba se d w at e r m an ag e m en t 3. P o lic y Ba se d B u d ge ti ng 3 In tr o du ce P o lic y- b as e d b u dg et in g D e ve lo p a se ct or s p ec if ic M TE F ro ll -o u t st ra te gy a n d an a ct io n p la n b as e d o n a va il ab le s ec to r k no w le d ge , M TE F e xp er ie nc e a n d e xi st in g st ra te gy d o cu m e n ts 4 B ui ld in g na ti on al P FM c ap ac it y D e ve lo p a se ct or w id e C ap ac it y b ui ld in g pr o gr am t o fa ci li ta te t ra ns fe r to a nd c o nt in ue t ra in in g on n at io n al a cc ou n ti ng s ta n d ar ds , n e w b ud ge t cl as si fi ca ti on fo r th o se e m pl oy ed o n w at er s ec to r b u dg e ti n g is su e s ac ro ss t he le ve ls a n d w at e r s u b -s e ct o rs . 4. P re d ic ta b il it y an d co nt ro l i n b u dg et e xe cu ti o n 5 D e ve lo p m e nt o f Fi sc al d ec e n tr al iz at io n D e ve lo p a sy st e m t ha t e ns u re s al lo ca ti o n/ e xe cu ti o n m o n it or in g o f p ub li c ex pe nd it u re s (e sp ec ia ll y in ru ra l a re as a n d s an it at io n s ub - se ct o r) R ev ie w a nd a d op t be st p ra ct ic es in w at e r s e ct o r fu nd in g an d m an ag em e nt b as e d o n e xp e ri en ce in c o m m un it y d ev el op m en t (U N D P , S C D ) a nd s u pp or t th e d e ve lo pm e nt o f t h e N e w a ge n cy o f lo ca l d e ve lo pm e n t. E ns u re t h at in t h e m id t er m f un di ng a n d ro le s o f th e lo ca l g ov er n m en t i n w at e r s e rv ic e d e liv er y ar e s uf fi ci e n tl y al ig n e d 5. A cc o u nt in g, r e co rd in g an d re po rt in g 6 A u to m at io n o f t h e G o ve rn m e nt P FM s ys te m s an d a d eq ua te T A En su re a ll w at e r se ct or M A B A s (c e nt ra l a nd lo ca l a ge n ci e s) h av e an u pg ra de d IT in fr as tr u ct u re , l in ke d t o o n go in g TS A /F M IS r ol l- ou t e ff o rt s 6. E xt er n al s cr ut in y an d a u di t 7 Im p ro ve s ys te m s o f ch e ck s an d b al an ce s En su re t ha t a ll w at er s ec to r l ea d ag en ci e s pu b lis h k e y b ud ge ta ry in fo rm at io n (a u d it ed a s p er e st ab li sh e d in te rn at io na l a u d it st an da rd s) fo r a cc es s to p u bl ic a n d d o no r o rg an iz at io n s CHAPTER - 2 30 2.1.6. P UBLIC E XENDITURES R EVIEWS – RELEVANT FINDING FROM W ORLD B ANK STUDIES Public Expenditure reviews are not new for Tajikistan, have always underpinned and informed ongoing reforms and are primarily driven by the mutual understanding between the Government of Tajikistan and donor community regarding the importance of efficient public finance management. Implemented primarily by development partners, Tajikistan has a 12-year history of PERs with the first review carried out by the World Bank back in 2004. Since then two Programmatic Expenditures Reviews spanning 2006-2009 and 2012-2014 have been conducted, each including a number of standalone thematic analytical pieces. In addition, two Public Expenditure and Financial Assessment (PEFA) in 2007 and 2012 have been conducted to provide a framework and international benchmarking Tajikistan related to public expenditures and accountability. Public Finance Management (PFM) reforms have really gained traction within the Government and the development partner community since early 2007. Learning from the implementation of the first Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP) (2004-2006) and having disbursed over $ 2.3 billion in official development assistance to Tajikistan from 1992-2006 31 , the Government and development partners have turned their focus on the more efficient management of public finances. A series of analytical reports (i.e. PPERs) have been commissioned to support the implementation of the 10- year National Development Strategy (2006-2015), the Second PRSP and the Public Investment Program. Initial analytical work focused on a series of diagnostic studies to better inform needed PFM reforms and to gain a better understanding of existing systems and processes in place, challenges and gaps. As a result, supported by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the Office of the Secretary of State for Economics (SECO) Switzerland, the World Bank initiated a Programmatic Public Environmental Expenditure Review (from 2007-2009) and a Public Expenditure and Financial Assessment (PEFA) in 2007. The First PPER focused on providing a frame of reference to explore the relation between economic growth and public expenditures, and overall issues related to fiscal space and implications of ongoing reforms for state finances. This program introduced the concept of the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and results of the first PEFA. A follow-up PPER focused on Implications for Public Finances and Fiscal Sustainability of Electricity Sector Investments and Reforms, taking stock of implanting policy- based budgeting and included two sectoral Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys covering education and health. A second stage PER was conducted during 2012-2014 following the introduction of a 10-year PFM Reform Strategy (2009-2018) and a number of corner stone sectoral strategies. Six PER policy/review notes were completed by the World Bank including an update on the Size, Composition and Trends in Government Expenditures; Review of Public Expenditures on Health and Education; Fiscal Risks arising from State-Owned Enterprises; and Capital Expenditures and Public Investment Management. 32 31 Brookings Institute: Case Study on Aid Effectiveness in Tajikistan http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/10/aid-tajikistan- aminjanov/10_aid_tajikistan_aminjanov.pdf 32 See the World Bank’s Policy Note Series: Tajikistan Policy Notes on Public Expenditures Report CHAPTER - 2 31 Overall, capacity to understand, coordinate and implement PFM reforms has improved in the last 10 years as there are systems and processes in place to effectively “manage” PFM related reforms. This was made possible mainly due to a number of long-term ongoing projects aimed at improving PFM in Tajikistan 33 , creation of the PFM Council, PFM Co-Coordination Group as a sub- group of Donor Coordination Council’s Governance Group, creation of the Multi-Donor Trust Fund aimed at better coordination of PFM efforts/reforms and, not the least, Government’s commitment to pursue comprehensive PFM reforms. Some of the key high level lessons learned from previous PERs include but are not limited to: Despite improving almost universally across all core PEFA indicators 34 , and tangible results achieved in the PFM arena, a number of challenges remain in the following 3 core areas (1) budget data availability, and credibility; (2) budget transparency and external scrutiny; and (3) links to policy based budgeting and driving tangible improvements in public service provision. Achieving results in the area of public expenditures should be approached with patience as progress is slow given low implementation capacity and managing a more challenging set of reform areas requiring “managing” change A cross-country comparison suggests that Tajikistan has the second lowest average PEFA performance in Europe and Central Asia but actually fares relatively well with other comparator countries outside the region. Some key specific lessons learned that are most relevant for Water Sector PER are presented below: Table 2.6. Key lessons learned from Water sector PER: Budget credibility and reliability There is evidence of fiscal consolidation but the overall management of public finance is vulnerable to external shocks and discretionary spending (sizable public spending made outside formal budget) On the aggregate level, both expenditure and revenue outturns are good i.e. actual vs. budgeted but the composition within expenditure categories is quite uneven. Budget comprehensiveness and transparency While the budget contains comprehensive information about macro assumptions, debt, revenues and expense estimates, the spread of extra budgetary expenditures is quite prevalent. Despite specific calls for budget transparency (broadly defined), including those by the Head of the State, and as stated in a number of government directives, access and coverage of budget data (including expenditures and reasoning) appear to be very limited if not constrained. A new Budget Classification (Unified Chart of Accounts) has been introduced in 2014 in addition to functional and economic classifications, coupled with MTEF pilots, yet incorporation (financially) of a multiple sectoral and sub-sector strategies and plans is lacking severely. 33 List key projects – DFID’S, WB, EU, from Aid Report 34 PEFA identifies seven pillars of performance in an open and orderly PFM system that are essential to achieving these objectives. The pillars are as follows: (1) Budget reliability; (2) Transparency of public finances; (3) Management of assets and liabilities; (4) Policy-based fiscal strategy and budgeting; (5) Predictability and control in budget execution; (6) the Accounting and reporting; (7) External scrutiny and audit CHAPTER - 2 32 Policy based budgeting Any increases in public spending (regardless of the source) are yet to bring tangible improvements, especially in terms of access an quality of public services Having covered initially only two pilot sectors (education and health), the MTEF now covers four more sectors (social protection, agriculture, transport, energy). Lesson from MTEF suggest that full inclusion is contingent on capacity to develop and coordinate (with donors and within levels of government) issues related to drafting medium/long term plans, costs and prioritize actions/funding in a meaningful sequence and time frame. Despite overall improved links between policy statements (and sector specific strategies, plans) and funding, the link between recurrent cost implications and capital investments (particularly donor-funded and central government investments in the provinces) remains weak, thereby limiting the meaningfulness of a medium term perspective to budgeting Predictability and control in budget execution The tax code, as a guiding document for all parties involved undergoes frequent changes and tax authorities’ practices play a major role in terms of incentivizing/disincentivizing compliance leading to revenue volatility The system of penalties and fees seems to provide disincentives to improving the predictability of the government revenues, coupled with ever growing debt/arrears, especially when it comes to public/socially important services causing major challenges for fiscal sustainability of companies/entities and the budget execution. Initiatives to automate treasury accounts have helped, yet access to historical data/current updates remains a challenge. Any further disaggregation of budget data, although possible, remains complicated and time consuming Accounting, recording and reporting Establishment of single treasury accounts has improved reconciliation processes so it is generally possible to follow monitor level spending No data of resource to service delivery units in any major sectors has been collected and processed. Sector ministries are usually the custodians of “qualitative” information about impact of expenditures Quarterly, semi-annual and annual reports are being prepared in a timely manner but access and consultations to these reports is very limited. External scrutiny and audit Oversight and meaningful participation of the Parliament is still a constraint despite targeted support to strengthen their role in budget oversight. Donor practices Given the importance of donor funding to various sectors in Tajikistan (including direct investments, technical assistance, analytical work etc.), donor practices (coordination, monitoring results, policy level, knowledge management etc.) prove instrumental for any public finance management-related outcomes Creating and funding “coordination” facilities at a sector level on a continuous basis (including part of government structures) plays CHAPTER - 2 33 a role. Numerous DCC-GOT initiatives attest to this. The water sector already enjoys a very strong donor coordination component although limited in nature. Overall, core donor related practices remain far from desired, especially when it comes to the predictability of budget support but with notable progress in using national procedures; and budgeting/reporting on project and program aid. Sector specific lessons (Education and Health) Demographic pressures need to be included in planning for public expenditures but are hard to account for given a lack of reliable data on access to services. Social sectors suffer from a chronic lack of funding and the wage system does not incentivize the systems; capital and recurrent expenditure planning is very poor and often does not reflect the true cost of delivering services Major institutional reforms and capacity building to understand reforms (both central and local level) is needed to undertake any sector funding initiatives. Download 0.75 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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