Microsoft Word Chapter 1 done doc

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Kinds of Provocation : Three important types of provocation that 
leads to aggression are as follows:
a) Condescension : Expression of arrogance or disdain on the 
part of others 
b) Harsh and Unjustified Criticism : Harsh and Unjustified 
Criticism, Especially criticism that attacks us rather than our 
behaviour. 
c) Teasing : Provoking statements that points to an individual’s 
flaws and imperfections. Teasing can range from mild, 
humorous remarks and humorous nicknames to comments that 
are designed to hurt and insult others. Research findings 
indicate that the more individuals attribute teasing to hostile 
motives – a desire to embrass or annoy them – the more likely 
they are to respond aggressively. 
Gender differences in Provocation : Two important gender 
differences in provocation are as follows: 
♦ Females were found to become much angrier as compared 
to males with respect to condescending actions—one’s in 
which the other person showed arrogance or suggested that 
he/she was superior in some manner. 
♦ Females were also found to become angrier in situations 
where someone hurt someone else and in situation where 
one was insensitive to others.
iii. 
Heightened Arousal : The results of a number of 
experimental studies show that heightened physiological arousal, 
irrespective of its source, may often serve to facilitate overt 
aggression. Heightened arousal created by such sources as loud 
and unpleasant noises, competitive activities and even vigorous 
exercise has been found to facilitate aggression under “certain” 
conditions. 
 
Excitation Transfer Theory : One of the theories that explain the 
relationship between heightened arousal and aggression is called 
as Excitation Transfer Theory introduced by Zillmann (1983).
Briefly Excitation Transfer Theory refers to the fact that often 
physiological arousal dissipates slowly overtime. As a result some 
portion of such arousal may persist as an individual moves from 
one situation to another. This residual excitement, in turn, can then 
transfer to the new context, and intensify any emotional 
experiences occurring in it. According to Zilimann, arousal 
occurring in one situation can persist and intensify, emotional 
reactions occurring in later, unrelated situations. For e.g., the 
arousal generated by a near miss in traffic can intensify feelings of 
annoyance or frustration produced, by later delays at an airport 
security gate.

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