Vascular plants of west-central Montana-identification guidebook
Armed. Exposed surface having thorns, prickles, or spines. Aromatic
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Armed. Exposed surface having thorns, prickles, or spines. Aromatic. Giving off a strong, usually agreeable odor. Ascending. Rising/growing upward at an oblique angle relative to structure to which attached. Awl-shaped. A cylinder tapering at one end. Awn. A slender, stiff, and generally terminal bristle. Axil. The angle formed at intersection of two structures, usually referring to the junction of petiole with stem. Axillary. Located in axil of structure named. Banner. The upper, medial, and usually enlarged (largest) petal of pea family (Fabaceae) flowers. Beak. A prolonged, slender, and tapering projection. Bearded. Set with hairs, usually stiff ones. Berry. Strictly defined, a fleshy or pulpy fruit developed from a single ovary with more than one seed, such as a grape or blueberry; loosely applied to any fleshy or juicy fruit.
Bi-. Prefix denoting two or twice. Biennial. Plant completing its life cycle in two growing seasons; usually forming basal rosette 1st season and flowering in the 2nd.
from the petiole. Boreal. Of or pertaining to forests and tundra of the North Temperate and Arctic regions. Bract. Modified, usually reduced leaf, mostly associated with the flower or inflorescence. Bracteate. Having bracts. Bud. Growing tip of a stem or branch or in leaf axil; usually dormant and scale covered. Bud-scale. Scalelike modified leaf covering a dormant bud.
Bulb. Underground organ constituted mostly of fleshy storage leaves and scale covered, as in onions. Bulbil. Small, bulblike organ for vegetative repro- duction, usually in leaf axil in place of a flower. Bundle scar. Minute traces within leaf scar where vascular bundles passed from stem or branch to the petiole.
low tufts. Calcareous. Limey, with high concentrations of calcium carbonate. Calyx. A flower’s sepals considered as a unit. Capillary. Hair- or threadlike. Capsule. A dry fruit of more than one carpel that splits along regular lines. Carpel. The modified foliar unit of angiosperms which bears ovules; a pistil is composed of one or more carpels. Catkin. In willows, birches, and alders, an elongate, pendulous or conelike flower cluster with minute flowers that lack, or nearly so, petals and sepals.
just below, the ground surface from which new stems arise yearly.
North Pole. Clasping. Partly surrounding the stem. Cleft. Cut midway, or slightly deeper, to the base or midrib.
Compound (leaf). One which is divided into two or more distinct leaflets. Concave. With a hollowed out surface, like the inner surface of a bowl. Cone. A dense cluster of modified, leaflike organs bear- ing pollen, spores, or seeds as in the horsetails, club mosses, and conifers (pine cone).
conifer cones, upon which are borne the seeds. Convex. With a surface that curves outward from viewer’s perspective, like outer surface of a bowl. Cordate. A stylized heart-shape, with the point at the apex and notch at the base. Corolla. All the petals considered as a unit. Corrugated. Surface with many folds or wrinkles. Cotyledon. An embryonic leaf of a seed’s embryo that often expands at germination. Crown. In herbaceous perennials, the persistent base or top portion of root; the topmost leafy portion of a tree. Culm. The stem of a grass or sedge. Deciduous. Falling off once a year, especially at end of growing season. Decumbent. With the base prostrate or gently up- curving and tips erect or ascending. Dehiscent. Opening along predesignated lines. Determinate (inflorescence). One in which the termi- nal flower opens first and stops further growth of the axis.
borne on separate plants. Disk. In Asteraceae, the central portion of the head giving rise to the disk flowers. 9 Disk flower. In Asteraceae, the flowers with slender, tubular corollas at central part of the head. Dissected. Divided into multiple lobes or segments. Distal. Positioned toward tip or end opposite attachment point.
Dorsiventral. The direction in which leaves are com- monly flattened, distinguished from lateral flattening. Elliptic. Widest at the middle and tapering to both ends. Emergent. With lower portion in the water, the upper portion extending out. Endemic. Found only within a circumscribed geographic area.
Entire. With margins not cleft, cut, or otherwise toothed. Epidermis. The outermost cell layer of plant organs. Ephemeral. Lasting for only a short time. Exserted. Projecting beyond an enveloping structure, as stamens from a corolla. Family. A grouping of related genera. Fertile. Describing organs associated with the produc- tion of spores, pollen, or seed in distinction to similar ones that do not.
all about the same size, lacking a larger central axis. Filament (of stamen). The thin stalk of a stamen, the tip of which bears the anther. Floral tube. A tubelike structure consisting of the fused lower portions of the sepals, petals, and stamens. Floret. A little flower, one of a definite cluster; in Poaceae, the highly modified flower consisting of lemma and palea and enclosed stamens and pistil (if fertile). Foliaceous. With leaflike texture. Frond. The leaf of a fern. Fruit. Mature ovary, including attached external structures and enclosed seeds. Galea. The hoodlike, usually elongated upper portion of the perianth of certain species, as in the upper corolla lip of Castilleja spp.
of hair which secrets minute, sticky drops. Glandular. Having secretory structures, especially hairs.
Glaucous. Having a fine, waxy, easily wiped-off powder that results in surfaces with a whitish or bluish cast. Globose. Shape approaching that of a sphere or globe. Glume. One of usually two chafflike bracts located at the base of a grass spikelet subtending the aggregate of florets, not individual floret.
terized as having ovules not enclosed in an ovary. Habit. The general appearance or growth form of a plant.
Habitat. The environmental conditions or kind of place in which a plant grows. Head. Type of inflorescence with mostly sessile flowers densely set on a very short axis or disk, thus having a round outline. A terminal collection of flowers sur- rounded by an involucre (Compositae!). Herb. Plant with the aerial portion nonwoody, dying back to ground at end of growing season. Herbaceous. Not woody, dying back at end of growing season; leaflike in texture and color. Hirsute. Having coarse, stiff, but not sharp-pointed hairs.
Host. The plant from which parasite obtains nutrients. Hypanthium. Tube or cup around ovary formed by the fusion of the lower parts of the calyx, corolla, and androecium; if petals and stamens look to arise from calyx tube then the hypanthium is that portion of the tube below the petals’ insertion.
flower and continuing to grow at the apex. Indihiscent. Not normally opening, at least not along regular or predetermined lines. Indusium. In certain ferns a thin, membraneous epi- dermal flap or folded leaf margin that covers a sorus. Inferior ovary. Ovary that has floral tube fused to its top.
Inflorescence. The flowering portion of a plant or the arrangement of flowers along the axis. Internode. That part of a stem between two adjacent nodes (points of leaf or branch origin). Involucre. Any set of structures that surround the base of another structure, usually bracts or microphylls attached below a flower(s).
that is, can be divided into two equal parts in only one plane.
articulation. Keel. A prominent, longitudinal ridge; in Fabaceae the boat-shaped structure formed from partial fusion of two lower petals.
straight sides long-tapering to a point. Leaflet. One of several distinct portions of a compound leaf.
Leaf scar. Following a leaf’s abcission, the trace left on stem or branch just below the bud. Legume. Member of Fabaceae; dry fruit of this family form a single carpel opening along two sutures (lines of fusion).
tures subtending the individual flowers (florets) of grass spikelets; the one on the side away from main axis.
possessing only ray (ligulate) flowers. Ligule. In graminoids, a small, erect projection or fringe, which is a continuation of the sheath; located at the junction of blade and sheath.
lower petal of orchids. Lobe. Any projecting segment of an organ, usually part of leaf blade, with sinuses to either side. Megasporangium. Receptacle containing megaspores. 10 Megaspore. The larger of two spore sizes produced by some plants. Membranous. Thin, flexible, usually whitish and translucent. Mesic. Defining position near middle of inferred mois- ture gradient, neither very moist nor dry. Monoecious. Having unisexual flowers, both sexes borne on the same plant. Mycorrhiza. The symbiotic combination of a fungus and a plant root. Naked. Lacking various organs or appendages, as a naked flower lacking a perianth. Nerve. A prominent vein of leaves or other organs. Node. A joint or point of origin for leaves or branches. Nut. A dry, hard-walled and indehiscent fruit, generally with one seed. Ob-. Prefix meaning in a reverse direction or upside-down. Oblanceolate. Lance-shaped, broadest at the tip and tapering, almost to a point at the base. Oblong. Longer than wide in outline, with somewhat parallel margins. Obovate. Egg-shaped in outline (flat organs), with the widest point near the apex. Obtuse. Blunt; the sides converging at an angle of >90 degrees.
Opposite. Nodes having two leaves or branches set directly across from each other. Orbicular. With a circular outline. Oval. Outline broadly elliptic, widest at the middle. Ovary. That part of the pistil containing ovules, and later in development, the seeds. Ovate. Egg-shaped in outline. Ovule. One of numerous small structures in ovary (flowering plants) or female cone (conifers) that, following fertilization, develops into a seed.
bractlike structures subtending the individual flowers (florets) of grass spikelets.
stalk arising from the main axis nodes there is borne more than one flower.
composed of scales, bristles, awns, or short crown at achene tip.
individual flower when only one per plant. Pendant. Drooping or hanging. Perennial. Plant with potential to live more than 2 years.
Perfect flower. Having both female (pistil) and male (stamen) parts. Perianth. Corolla and calyx considered collectively. Perigynium (plural perigynia). Sheath or sac-like structure, unique to Carex and Kobresia spp., enclosing ovary and fruit.
the most showy, just interior to the sepals and below the stamens.
thereof.
Pinnate. Having 2 rows of lateral appendages (lobes, leaflets, etc.) distributed along a central axis. Pistil. Organ formed from the combination of ovary, style, and stigma. Pistillate. Having pistils but lacking stamens. Pith. Spongy tissue at stem center. Pod. Any kind of dry, dehiscent fruit, especially that of Fabaceae. Pollen. Dustlike, usually yellow, cells produced in anther (flowering plants) or microsporangia (gymnosperms). Pollen cone. The male, pollen-producing cone of gymnosperms. Prickle. A sharp, stiff outgrowth of epidermal layer. Prostrate. Lying flat on the ground. Pubescent. Set with hair of any kind. Raceme. Indeterminate inflorescence type with single and stalked flowers arrayed along main unbranched axis.
center by into two mirror images by at least two planes of symmetry.
marginal flowers be ligulate and those of the center be tubular.
attached to the disk. Receptacle. The common, usually expanded point of attachment of floral organs; in Asteraceae the enlarged stem tip to which the head is attached.
of each set of parts are similar in size and shape; radially symmetrical, that is, divisible into two mirror halves in at least two planes. Rhizomatous. Possessing rhizomes. Rhizome. A creeping, underground, and generally hori- zontally oriented stem. Ribbed. Having prominently raised veins or nerves. Root. Underground part of plant that lacks nodes, leaves, and scales. Rootstalk. Underground, creeping stem. Rosette. A dense, usually basal, cluster of leaves radi- ating in all directions from stem. Rotund. Round or rounded. Runner. A slender, prostrate stem that roots at the nodes or tip. Saprophyte. A plant with little or no chlorophyll and so obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter by a root association with a fungus.
and stiff hairs. Scale. Any small, thin, and flat structure. Seed. A mature ovule which following germination gives rise to new plant. Seed cone. The female, seed-producing cone of conifers. Sepal. One of a whorl of typically green or greenish, leaflike, floral organs originating below the petals. 11 Sessile. Lacking a stalk. Sheath. Generally a tubular structure that partly or wholly surrounds a plant part; specifically in the grass, rush, and sedge families, the lower stem-clasping portion of a leaf. Shrub. Woody plant (sometimes only at base), generally with several stems originating from the base. Simple. Unbranched, undivided, or single. Sorus. In ferns, a cluster of sporangia. Spike. An inflorescence type with stalkless (sessile) flowers arrayed along a main axis. Spikelet. In the grasses, the smallest unit of a flower cluster, consisting of one to multiple florets (flowers) and their subtending glumes (usual case).
of a true spine, which is a slender, sharp-tipped struc- ture derived from a modified leaf or stipule.
within which spores are produced. Spore. Especially in ferns and allied taxa, a simple, usually one-celled and wind-dispersed reproductive structure.
including anther sacs and supporting filament. Staminate. Having stamens but lacking pistil (female portion). Standard. Another term for the banner (large, upper, median petal) of the pea family (Fabaceae). Stem. A main axis of a plant, ranging from upright to trailing, above ground or below; differentiated from roots by having nodes, buds, or scales.
sticky portion of pistil. Stipule. An appendage, gland- to leaflike, at the junction of petiole with stem. Stolon. An elongate stem that grows along ground and roots at the nodes. Striate. Having fine, mutually parallel groves, streaks, or lines. Style. The typically slender portion of the pistil connecting ovary to stigma. Sub-. Prefix indicating almost, nearly, or under. Subtend. To be borne directly below and close to, as a leaf subtending its axillary bud. Succulent. Condition of being thick, fleshy, and juicy. Superior ovary. One having the perianth parts originating directly below it. Surpass. To go beyond or exceed. Symbols. <, less than quantity to right of symbol; >, more than quantity to the right of symbol. Taxon (plural taxa). Any taxonomic entity, regardless of rank (for example, variety, species or family). Talus. A slope of rock rubble, usually at cliff face. Taproot. The primary plant root which is considerably larger than any other root system branches. Teeth. Short, rounded, or pointed projection (as on leaf margin).
Tendril. A slender, clasping outgrowth of the leaf or stem that twines about contacted structures, gaining support for climbing plants.
differentiated into calyx and corolla. Thorn. A stout, rigid, woody and sharp-pointed modified stem.
Three-ranked. Originating in threes from a common point or level. Throat (of corolla). That portion of the corolla at the junction of the limb and tube of united corolla that is somewhat wider than the tube itself.
sufficiently thin to see through. Turion. A small, scaly, bulblike offshoot in some spp. of Epilobium. Twining. Growth mode of partly creeping and partly coiling and climbing on other objects. Umbel. A type of inflorescence with numerous stalked flowers that appear to radiate/ascend from a single point.
but not both. Urn shape. Ovoid and with a small opening at the tip. Valve. One of the two or more portions into which a capsule or pod separates at maturity. Vascular. Concerned with conduction of water and nutrients, as vascular plants being those with xylem and phloem.
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