Fergana State University part-time department Of philology and language teaching

Comprehension Questions

1. Tell about Amir Temur’s family and his birth.

2. What was his strength?

3. Who did he fight against for the independence of his land?

4. By what name is Amir Temur known in Europe?

5. What handicap did Temur have?
Discussion Questions

1. How do you think Amir Temur’s childhood affected his later life?

2. Tell about Amir Temur’s character. How would you like to be like him? How do you not want to be like him?

3. Temur was lame in one leg. How do you think that affected his life? Do you know anyone with physical handicaps? How does it affect their life?

Amir Temur's parents [edit]

Amir Temur's mother, Takina, was, according to some estimates, from Bukhara. His father, Amir Taragay, was one of the elders of the Turkic Barlas clan and one of the most influential beys of the Chigatay ulus. His ancestors ruled in Kesh province. For this reason, Amir Temur's father, Amir Taragay, was also invited once a year to the congress of the people's beys convened by the khan on the banks of the Ili River, and he regularly attended such gatherings. At the same time, according to Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi, "he was kind and compassionate to the scholars and the sulaha and the pious, and he used to go to their meetings ...". Taragoybek Piri had a deep respect for Shamsuddin Kulol. Later, Kulol was also the shrine of Amir Temur. Taragoybek died in 1360.

The youth of Amir Temur [edit]

Amir Temur's youth was spent in Kesh. When he was seven, his father sent him to study. From an early age, Amir Temur was engaged in horseback riding, hunting, archery, various other exercises and military games under the supervision of special coaches. At the same time, Amir Temur grew up to be a skilled rider and a brave warrior who could distinguish tulpars. Amir Temur was a difficult, calm, thoughtful and intelligent person by nature, and he was extremely intelligent, quick to understand the abilities and virtues of people, especially sincerity. As a result, he was able to attract loyal friends from his peers. His childhood friends and schoolmates (Abbas Bahodur, Jahonshohbek, Qimori Inoq, Sulaymonshohbek, Idiku Temur, Sayfuddinbek, Hindushoh, Qarqara, etc.) gathered around him to train together, take part in competitions, gradually become navkars and form a military unit. went Later, they rose to the rank of general in the army of Amir Temur.

Rise of Amir Temur [edit]

Map of Chigatay khanate

Beginning of political activity [edit]

The lands occupied by Timur

Amir Temur began his first military career with his subordinates, serving some regional emirs; He took part in their struggles, showed courage, trained in battles, and improved his military skills. His fame spread throughout the Kashkadarya oasis. Amir Temur's intelligence, courage and fame brought him closer to the influential emirs of Movarounnahr, Amir Hizr Yasavuri and Amir Qazaqan.According to Khandamir, his father Amir Taragay married Amir Temur first (1355) to Nurmushk aga, the daughter of Amir Joku barlos, and then (1355) to Oljoy Turkon aga, the grandson of Kazakh and the sister of Amir Hussein. A subsequent marriage led to an alliance between Amir Temur and Amir Hussein, the governor of Balkh, who fought together against the Mongols. Amir Temur's movement to unite Movarounnahr began in the early 1960s. In the late 50s of the 14th century, the struggle of the emirs intensified in Movarounnahr, and the emir Kazaghan was killed. The country was in the throes of political turmoil. According to Khandamir's book Habib Usiyar, the nation was divided into about ten independent principalities. Amir Bayan sulduz in Samarkand region, Amir Haji barlos in Kesh, Amir Boyazid jaloir in Khojand, Uljoy Buga sulduz in Balkh, Muhammad I Khoja Aperdi nayman in Shiberghan, Amir Sotilmish, king of Badakhshan in Kohistan announce.

During this period, the Mongol khans, who ruled in the eastern part of the Chigatay Nation, Yettisuv and East Turkestan, took advantage of the difficult political situation in Movarounnahr to establish their rule there. Among the Jeta khans were Tughluq Temur and his successor Ilyaskhodja in 1360-61 and 1365. They invaded Movarounnahr several times. The people's movement against the invasion and oppression of the Mongol khans begins. However, the emirs of Movarounnahr were the leaders of the people and did not dare to fight against the Mongol invaders. Some of them sided with the enemy, while others left the country and sought refuge in other countries. Amir Temur's uncle, Amir Haji Barlos, the ruler of Kesh province, fled to Khorasan. Amir Temur enters the political arena at such a difficult time. Amir Temur, 24, agreed with the beys sent to Kesh by Tughluq Temur in the early 1360s, given the unequal balance of power against the Mongols. At the request of the conditions, he entered the service of the khan and was appointed by his decree as the chief of his province. Undoubtedly, this was a political and strategic step out of reluctance, and Amir Temur saved the country and the people from disaster by taking the next looting of the Mongols. However, the reconciliation of Amir Temur with Ilyaskhodja and his general Amir Bekkichik, who was appointed the ruler of Movarounnahr, did not come to an agreement. Therefore, at the end of 1361, he was forced to leave the country.

In the south of Khiva, in the Urgench steppe, Amir Temur met another rival of Tughluq Temur, his brother-in-law Amir Hussein. Amir Temur joined forces with the Mongols to fight the Mongols. Initially, they fought against Toqol (Tavakkal), a Khiva druggist who, under the command of Tughluq Temurkhan, began to pursue Amir Temur. Then, in the autumn of 1362, Amir Temur, on the side of Malik Qutbiddin, the ruler of the province in Seistan, was wounded in the right palm and right leg in a clash with the Macronites. Amir Temur and Amir Hussein fought several battles with the Jeta army led by Ilyaskhoja over the next two years. Finally, in 1364 y. Eventually, they managed to drive the Mongols out of Movarounnahr.

However, Ilyaskhoja, who did not want to lose Movarounnahr, in 1365. In the spring of 1945 he again marched on Turkestan. The battle between Tashkent and China is historically known as the "Battle of the Mud." They were defeated in the battle due to the betrayal of Amir Hussein, and with their troops retreated to the banks of the Amu Darya and settled in the province of Balkh. Ilyaskhodja, on the other hand, marched on Samarkand without any resistance, capturing Khojand, Jizzakh and several other towns and villages. At that time Samarkand could not resist a large army. The city had no walls, no strongholds, and no armed forces. The princes and emirs had left the city, but the people revolted against the Mongols, and the warlords took control of the city. The defenders of the city are led by the madrasa student of Mavlonozada Samarkand, the elder of the wool (cotton) makers mahalla Abu Bakr Kuluyi (Kalavi) Naddof and the sniper Mavlono Khurdaki Bukhari. The Sarbadars inflicted a heavy blow on the Mongols in Samarkand. Ilyaskhoja was forced to leave first Samarkand and then the whole of Movarounnahr. The news of the victory of the Sarbadars over the Mongols reached Amir Hussein and Amir Temur. Amir Temur spent the winter in Karshi, and Hussein on the banks of the Amu Darya. In the spring they left for Samarkand. They stopped at Konigita to express their satisfaction with the soldiers' victory over the enemy and to meet them. However, when the chiefs of the guards came to the emirs, by the order of Amir Hussein, Abu Bakr Kuluyi (Kalavi) Naddof and Mawlana Khurdak Bukhari were hanged. Mavlonozoda was Amir Temur. protects and saves. Thus, the Sarbadars were left without a leader and Amir Hussein's rule was established in Movarounnahr, but soon the relationship between Hussein and Amir Temur escalated into an open conflict. Afraid of Amir Temur's growing influence, Amir Hussein returned to Balkh and began to fortify its fortress walls and fortifications. He also gathered a large army from Balkh, Kunduz and Badakhshan. Amir Temur, the head of the Kesh and Karshi provinces, was also preparing for a decisive battle against Amir Hussein. Between 1366 and 1970 there were several clashes.

Elected as "Grand Emir"

The extremely difficult political and economic situation in Movarounnahr in the 1960s necessitated the unification of the country into a strong state. Amir Temur understood this demand of his time better than Amir Hussein. Therefore, in the early stages of its activity, it focused on the creation of a centralized state in Movarounnahr. In pursuing this goal, he relied on the ranks of the clergy, the military, the merchants, and the artisans of the city. As Amir Temur began to unite the scattered country, he began the struggle with his internal enemies. 1370 y. In the spring, Amir Temur set out against Amir Hussein. When the army reached the village of Biyo near Termez, Sayyid Baraka, a Meccan sheriff, supported the activities of Amir Temur and presented him with a large drum, a symbol of supreme power, and a flag and a flag. Undoubtedly, this event was of great political significance. Because he was a symbol of kingdom. Amir Temur understood this very well. Therefore, before reaching Balkh, he held a meeting with the amir and noyons in the Orpuz district. At the request of many, according to the rules of the time, the son of Suyurgatmish, a descendant of the Genghis Khans, was transferred to the throne of the kingdom of Movarounnahr. By the time Amir Temur's army reached Balkh, new forces had joined him along the way. Meanwhile, Amir Hussein was abandoned by most of the emirs. In the battle, Amir Hussein's army was defeated, and after a two-day siege, on April 10, 1370, Balkh was liberated. He surrendered to Amir Temur. Amir Hussein was captured and executed. After this victory, Amir Temur married Mrs. Saraymulk, the daughter of Kazankhan, the Genghis Khan ruler of Movarounnahr. In connection with the marriage of the khan's daughter, Amir Temur received the title of "koragon", ie "son-in-law of the khan".

On April 11, 1370, all the beys, emirs of the Chigatay ulus, the governors of the provinces and districts, as well as the sayyids (lords) of Termez, as well as Amir Temur's comrades-in-arms and piri Sayyid Baraka, attended the congress. Amir Temur himself ruled, and the provinces were ruled by his sons, grandsons, and close emirs. Samarkand became the capital of Amir Temur's state, and in the summer of that year the city walls and fortress were restored, palaces and palaces were built.

Strengthening of Timur's state and its dependent lands [edit]

Amir Temur (June 1370) convened a large congress in Samarkand in order to strengthen the political and economic position of the country, to end the long-lasting internal divisions, and to establish peace and tranquility. It discussed the formation of a central state system and the formation of an army.

Amir Temur, well aware of the importance of military power in governing the country, attached great importance to the structure of the army. He introduced high-ranking military titles such as ‘amir’ and ‘amir ul-umaro’. When reforming the army militarily, it pays special attention to the selection and training of commanders, military units and their location, the armament and discipline of navkars and soldiers (see also Temurid martial arts).

When Amir Temur came to power, he first regulated the tax system in order to alleviate the severe economic crisis in the country. Timur's march against the Golden Horde in 1391

Timur's march against the Golden Horde in 1395

Amir Temur liberated Movarounnahr from Mongol rule. Although an independent state had been established in the country, a lasting peace had not yet been established. On the one hand, some regional governors refused to recognize the rule of Amir Temur, on the other hand, the eastern and northern parts of the country. areas were restless. The rulers of Mongolia and the White Horde frequently attacked and looted the eastern Fergana Valley, threatening the cities of Otrar, Yassi (Turkestan), and Sayram. Therefore, in the early years, Amir Temur attached great importance to ensuring the security of the country's borders. The rebels waged a ruthless struggle against the emirs. 1370 y. autumn and 1371 y. In the spring, Amir Zinda defeated Chashm and conquered Shiberghan province. Balkh and Tashkent regions also recognized the rule of Amir Temur. However, Khorezm relied on the rulers of the White Horde and still refused to submit. Amir Temur considered Khorezm an integral part of the Chigatay nation and pursued a policy of annexing it to his state. However, when the issue was not resolved peacefully through ambassadors, Amir Temur marched on Khorezm five times. The first march was in 1371. ended with the capture of Clashte d'Ivoire in the summer (July). Amir Temur's 1373 y. spring and 1375 y. Two marches to Khorezm in the summer ended in vain. During this time, the ruler of Khorezm, Yusuf Sufi, who formed an alliance with the khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamish, with the help of which he repeatedly marched into the territory of Amir Temur's state and plundered the Karakul region and Bukhara districts. Undoubtedly, this situation forced Amir Temur to invade Khorezm for the fourth time in 1379. However, the march ended with a truce, as before. However, Yusuf Sufi recaptured the southeastern part of Khorezm (including Kot and Khiva), which had previously belonged to the Chigatay ulus. Such an aggressive policy of Yusuf Sufi against the state of Amir Temur led to Amir Temur's fifth march on Khorezm. In 1388, the capital of Khorezm was destroyed and its territories were subjugated to the state of Amir Temur. Amir Temur's state

Meanwhile, Amir Temur clashed with Qamariddin, the ruler of Mongolia, as his looting attacks on Movarounnahr intensified. In 1370-71, he made several raids on Tashkent and Andijan, and the demand returned. In 1376, Qamariddin even conquered a large part of the Fergana Valley. Amir Temur launched a serious attack on Qamariddin in order to eliminate the constant threat to the north-eastern regions of the country. During the twenty years (1371-90), Sahibkiran marched on Mongolia seven times and defeated the Mongol rulers Angotora and Kamariddin. In this way, Amir Temur put an end to the internal divisions and conflicts in Movarounnahr and Khorezm, as well as the oppression of Mongolia, and united the peoples of the region into a single state. This undoubtedly played a positive role in the fate of the people of Movarounnahr.

Travel to Iran and the Caucasus [edit]

However, Amir Temur was not satisfied with this. He soon set out to conquer neighboring states and peoples, subjugate them, and establish a great centralized kingdom. During this period, the socio-political situation in the Golden Horde, Khorasan and Iran was very favorable for him. Amir Temur started his military campaign from Khorasan. 1381 y. he captured Herat. Sarakhs, Jam and Qavsiya surrendered without a fight. Khorasan, especially its capital, Herat, was strategically important and served as a bridge to Iran, Iraq, Damascus, and elsewhere. From 1381 to 1984, Amir Temur occupied most of Iran. First (1381) Kalot, Turshiz and Sabzavor, then (1383) the fortresses of Zireh, Zova, Farah and Bust in Seiston, and in 1384 the Astrobod region and the cities of Omul, Sori, Sultaniya and Tabriz in Azerbaijan were conquered.

Timur's three great marches

Amir Temur marched on Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq and Damascus (Syria) three times. These marches are known in history as the "three-year," "five-year," and "seven-year" wars. As a result of three years (1386-88) military campaigns, Jan. Pants of Azerbaijan, Iraq. Georgia and the area around Lake Van.

Three-year walk [edit]

At the same time, Amir Temur was forced to march three times against Tokhtamysh in order to end the pressure from the northwest, the Golden Horde. U 1389 y. on June 18, 1391 (in the Kunduzcha (Kondurcha) river valley between present-day Samara and Chistopol) (see The Battle of Kunduz), and finally in 1395 (February 28) on the Terek River in the North Caucasus. The cessation army was dealt a severe blow (see Battle of the Terek River). As a result of Amir Temur's military campaigns, the Lower Idil (Volga) regions, the cities of Sarai Berka, Saroychik and Hojitarkhan (Astrakhan) were looted. Amir Temur pursued Tokhtamish to Ryazan region and captured the city of Yelets. Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi describes Amir Temur's march to Moscow as follows: ("Zafarnoma", p. 179). In this war, the lands of Azak (Azov), Kuban and Cherkasy also suffered greatly. Interestingly, on the eve of Idil's Turatur crossing, Amir Temur summoned Uruskhan's son Quyrichok and presented him with the captured former Jochi ulus. Russian historians B. D. Grekov and A. Yu. According to Yakubovskiyparnmnt, Amir Temur's victory over Tokhtamysh was of great significance not only for Central Asia, but also for the unification of the whole of Eastern Europe, as well as the scattered Russian principalities.

Five-year walk [edit]

Amir Temur then turned his attention to the conquest of Iran, Iraq, Syria, Asia Minor and India. During the five-year war (1392-96), he conquered western Iran, Iraqi Ajam, and the Caucasus, ending the rule of the Muzaffarids and Jalairis.

Travel to India

Timur's march to India

Amir Temur's war against India (May 1398 - March 1399) lasted about eleven months. Amir Temur returned from India with a large booty, including 120 war elephants. Some of the booty was distributed to the army, the rest was spent on construction in Samarkand and Kesh.

The Seven Years' Walk
Timur defeated the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, Sultan Nasiraddin Faraj.
Timur's march to the Ottoman Empire

Amir Temur's military campaigns from 1399 to 1404 resulted in the conquest of Aleppo, Aleppo, Homs, Baalbek, Damascus, and the Arabian province of Ubulistan (Cappadocia), as well as Baghdad and much of Turkey. . In the battle of Ankara, Amir Temur defeated one of the world's commanders, Boyazid Yildirim. The Sultan of Turkey was taken prisoner. He was accompanied by his wife, the Serbian queen Olivera, and his sons, Musa and Isa Chalabi. Then, Amir Temur came to Anatolia. He captured the city of Izmir on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and destroyed the last Crusaders' stronghold in the Middle East. Later, the rulers of the Genoese estates of Chios and Lesbos in the Aegean Sea surrendered to him, and Egypt surrendered. Amir Temur conquered Ankara, Nicaea, Bursa, and Izmir, and amassed a great fortune from the taxes that Byzantium and the entire Christian world paid to Boyazid. The gold and jewels from Bursa alone were a burden to a large caravan. When the captured Boyazid was brought to the camp, Amir Temur showed him respect and reverence. After his death (March 9, 1403), he looked after his heirs with kindness and showed them unparalleled mercy. Boyazid's eldest son, Suleiman Chalabi, was appointed governor of the Turkish provinces in Europe. Edirne (Adrianopol) sh. was designated as its capital. The northwestern part of Anatolia was given to Isa Chalabi as a nomad, and the city of Bursa was given to him. became its capital. He entrusted the administration of the central part of the Ottoman Turkic state to Musa Chalabi.

Capture of Sultan Boyazid I Yildirim by Amir Temur

Amir Temur did not intend to completely occupy the Ottoman Turkic state, because he was well aware that European countries had aggressive intentions towards the Middle East. Therefore, Amir Temur saved the Ottoman Turkic state and extended a hand of kindness to Boyazid's successors. However, King Timur of France (1380-1422) and King Henry IV of England (1399-1407) congratulated Amir Temur on his victory over Boyazid and sent him a special letter. Because Amir Temur had become the savior of the whole of Europe by attacking the Ottoman Turkic state, which posed a great threat to Europe, which was just waking up.

The beginning of the march to China [edit]
The mausoleum of Amir Temur in Samarkand
The mausoleum of Amir Temur in Samarkand

When Amir Temur returned to Samarkand from Asia Minor, in 1404. On November 27, he left Samarkand for China with 200,000 troops. However, the invasion of China did not take place due to the death of Amir Temur in Otrar (February 18, 1405). Although the news of Amir Temur's death was initially kept secret, the bad news soon spread throughout the country. Amir Temur's body was brought to Samarkand and buried (see Amir Temur Mausoleum).

Views on the image of Amir Temur from the point of view of history and culture [edit]

Culture and science during the reign of Amir Temur The image of Timur in 16th century Italian painting

An image of Timur created by a French artist in the 16th century

Amir Temur is the founder of a great state. He founded a vast, centralized empire that spanned a vast area from India and China to the Black Sea, and from the Syrdarya and Aral Seas to the Persian Gulf. In addition, Amir Temur's state included Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and the Lower Volga and Don Bays in the northwest; northeast to Lake Balkhash and the Ili River; in the southeast, Shim. Countries up to India were subjugated. Amir Temur. ruled the state on a rational and legal basis. Proof of this is his statement: "... I did nine percent of the state affairs through councils, events and consultations, and the rest with the sword."

Urban Planning and Architecture
Temur at a party in Samarkand

Sahibkiran's historical services in the field of creativity are incomparable. History knows many warriors who lived in this ancient world. Most of them just broke. The difference between Amir Temur and them is that he was engaged in creative work all his life. His words, "Wherever I take a brick, I put flour bricks in its place, and if I cut down a tree, I plant flour in its place," are a clear proof of this. Amir Temur used to celebrate every triumphant event with a magnificent architectural monument. To this end, famous craftsmen from India, Sheroz, Isfahan and Damascus have built luxurious buildings and structures in the country. Amir Temur rebuilt a number of cities of the conquered countries (Baghdad, Darband, Baylaqan). Although Amir Temur built a mosque in Tabriz, a palace in Sheroz, a madrasa in Baghdad, and a mausoleum on the tomb of the famous Sheikh Ahmad Yassavi in ​​Turkestan, he focused on his hometown of Kesh and the capital, Samarkand. In Kesh he built a mausoleum over his father's grave and a mosque with a mausoleum for his son Jahangir. During the first period of Amir Temur's rule, he intended to turn the city of Kesh into the capital and paid great attention to its beautification, where the famous Oqsaroy was built. Amir Temur tried to turn Kesh into the cultural center of Movarounnahr. Therefore, the city received the title of "Qubbat ul-ilm val-adab". Samarkand, the capital of the Sultanate, was especially prosperous during the reign of Amir Temur. Palaces, mosques, madrasas and mausoleums will be built in the city by architects from Isfahan, Sheroz, Aleppo, Khorezm, Bukhara, Karshi and Kesh. Outside the city, gardens and orchards are established (see Amir Temur Gardens). In particular, the mausoleum of Shodimulk aga, Shirinbeka aga mausoleum and others belonging to the architectural complex of Shahizin will be built. Bibihanim mosque, Amir Temur's residence Koksaroy and Bostonsaray will be built in the city. In general, Samarkand During the reign of Amir Temur. The site was completely rebuilt in Afrosiyobyaan. The city was surrounded by a strong fortress wall, and six gates, named Ohanin, Shaykhzoda, Chorsu, Korizgoh, Sozangaron, and Feruza, were erected. Dozens of irrigation canals have been built in the agricultural oases of Movarounnahr, especially in the Zarafshan valley, and agricultural lands have been expanded. New villages were built. According to Ibn Arabshah, Amir Temur named a number of new villages around Samarkand after the famous cities of the East, Damascus (Damascus), Egypt, Baghdad, Sultaniya and Shiraz. According to Amir Temur, Samarkand should have surpassed the largest cities in the world in terms of size, beauty and prosperity.

Development of science and art [edit]
Timur's letter to King Charles VI of France in 1402

According to Hafiz Abro, Amir Temur knew the history of Turks, Arabs and Iranians. He consulted with scholars and scholars in all matters of state importance. He usually spoke with representatives of medicine, mathematics, astronomy, history, literature, linguistics, as well as prominent theologians and theologians. Mawlana Abdujabbor Khorezmi, Mawlana Shamsuddin Munshi, Mawlana Abdullo Lison, Mawlana Bahruddin Ahmad, Mawlana Numonuddin Khorezmi, Khoja Afzal, Mawlana Alouddin Kashi, Jalal Khoki and others served in the palace of Amir Temur. Alisher Navoi liked Amir Temur's care for science and spirituality. Navoi said: "Wherever Timur met people of science, culture and art, he took them under his patronage, respected them, paid attention to their upbringing, and used them as nadim (advisers) and other positions in his parliament." During the reign of Amir Temur, trade and handicrafts flourished. New markets and stalls will be built. Speaking about the abundance and cheapness of wheat and rice in the markets of Samarkand, Clavijo sells the city's handicrafts - satin, kimkhob, various yarns and woolen fabrics, fur and silk coats, perfumes, spices and medicines, gold and laurels, as well as other goods. During this period, Amir Temur and his captured Sultan Mahmud Khan controlled the Great Silk Road, the main international trade route from China and India via Central Asia to the Middle East and Europe, and built trade routes, fortifications, and bridges. They took important steps in this direction and paid great attention to the comprehensive development of trade and embassy relations between East and West. Most importantly, Amir Temur put an end to the fragmentation and chaos between the petty rulers of Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq, thus contributing to the economic and cultural development of not only Movarounnahr, but also the Far and Middle East, bringing peoples and countries closer together. Amir Temur established direct trade and diplomatic relations with the major European kingdoms of France, England and Castile.

The National Museum of the History of the Temurids in Tashkent and its image on a 1000 soum banknote

Assessing the consequences of Amir Temur's military campaigns and battles, it should be noted that his activities are divided into two stages in terms of goals and plans. In the first phase (1360-86), Amir Temur fought for the establishment of a centralized state in Movarounnahr, with the help of social forces (landowners, soldiers, artisans, merchants, and priests) composed of local aristocrats interested in unifying Movarounnahr. Amir Temur's activity during this period undoubtedly played a significant positive role in the development of the socio-economic and cultural life of the peoples of Central Asia. The disintegration of the country and the formation of a centralized state had positive consequences. Country i.ch. After a century and a half of Mongol rule, more favorable conditions were created for the recovery of the economy. At the same time, there have been some shifts in agriculture, which is the basis of the economy. New canals were dug and agricultural lands were expanded. Crafts, domestic and foreign trade flourished, science and culture flourished, and cities prospered and prospered. Before taking control of a country, Amir Temur, of course, offered the people of that country a way of peace, and only by using military force was it denied.

The mausoleum of Temur's sons Jahangir and Umarshaikh in Shakhrisabz

During his lifetime, Amir Temur divided the kingdom into four parts (ulus) and divided them into sons and grandsons: Khorasan, Jurjan, Mozandaran and Seyistan (central Herat) to Shah Rukh, Western Iran, Azerbaijan, Iraq and Armenia (central Tabriz) to Mironshah, Persia. Iran's jan. part (center Sheroz) to Umarshaikh, Afghanistan and Shim. India (central Ghazni, later Balkh) was exiled to Pirmuhammad. Amir Temur's state was governed by its own rules (see Temurid state). This state, founded by Amir Temur, existed in Khorasan and Movarounnahr until the beginning of the 16th century and was abolished by Shaibanikhan.

Amir Temur during the Soviet regime. his personality and activities were treated unfairly and given a one-sided assessment. Such views were abolished after Uzbekistan gained independence. Amir Temur's place in world history began to take its place. In Uzbekistan, there is a wide range of opportunities to study and promote his work. His name was immortalized in Uzbekistan. In many towns and villages, royal streets, squares, public farms, schools, cinemas, and others were named after him. Under the initiative and leadership of Islam Karimov, a statue of Amir Temur was erected in the central squares of Tashkent, Samarkand, Shakhrisabz and other cities, a museum of the Temurid period was built on Amir Temur Avenue in Tashkent (1996), the Amir Temur Order was established (1996) and the International Amir Temur Foundation was established. (1995). The 660th anniversary of the birth of Hazrat Sahibkiran was widely celebrated in Tashkent, Samarkand and abroad under the auspices of UNESCO (1996). A two-part feature film, performances, and poetry and prose works were made about Amir Temur.