Final Assessment Questions on “Theoretical phonetics” Card-1 Connection of Phonetics with Other Sciences

2.Changing the system of vowels and consonants.The standardization of English spelling began in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the Great Vowel Shift is the major reason English spellings now often deviate considerably from how they represent pronunciations.[3] The Great Vowel Shift was first studied by Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), a Danish linguist and Anglicist,. the vowel shift is an important event in the history of the English sound system, as the distribution of long vowels was completely changed. Thus, for instance, long [i:] appears in NE in the word see, which in ME had the vowel [e:], and it does not appear in the word time, which was pronounced with an [i:] in ME.The most significant phonetic change in NE was the Great Vowel Shift, beginning in the 15th c. During the period of the 15th -18th c. the long vowels became closer or were diphthongized.Consonants were historically more stable than vowels, though certain changes took place in all historical periods. OE was a typical OG language. So it is naturally to suppose that OE ought to contain all the consonants that arose in PG under Grimm’s Law and Verner’s Law. Yet it appears that very few noise consonants in OE correspond to the same sounds in PG. It happens so because in the intervening period most consonants underwent diverse changes: both qualitative and quantitative, independent and dependent.After the changes under Grimm’s Law and Verner’s Law PG had two sets of fricative consonants: voiceless [f, , х, s] and voiced [v, ð, γ, z]. In WG and Early OE the difference between these two groups was supported by new features.
Card-30
1.Phonetics and discourse . Discourse is often connected with specific means or rules of speech activity organization. Discourse can exist only in some real, physical time. It is "speech en­grossed in life" (op.cit.).Discourse investigation is at the forefront of interdisciplinary studies. Different types of discourses have been identified - academic or scientific discourse (lectures, seminars, tutorials, conferences, symposiums, etc.), ideopolitical discourse (speeches of statesmen, electoral campaigns, parliamentary debates, etc.), judicial, military discourse and others.Linguistics explores discourse from various perspectives. Phonetics and phonology have much to do with recent approaches to the study of language-in-use and people's communication. Segmental and suprasegmental phenomena registered in different types of discourse are within the scope of the most urgent tasks of phoneticians and phonologists throughout the world. Phonetic data obtained in such studies elicit the solution of very im­portant problems of applied character in the area of medicine, law and foren­sic science, artificial intellect and advanced technologies. In modern linguistics the term "text" and "discourse" are given differ­ent interpretations. For example Michael Stubbs in his book "Discourse Analysis " (1983) underlines the theoretical distinction between "written text versus spoken": the latter implies interactive discourse, whereas written text implies non-interactive monologue, whether intended to be spoken aloud or lot. Another distinction is that discourse implies length, whereas a text may be very short.