Final control questions on the subject “heat engineering” The purpose and function of the subject. Working parameter. Status parameters. Base words and phrases
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Base words and phrases: temperature, diagrams, internal energy, work, amount of heat, equation An energy form inherent in every system is the internal energy, which arises from the molecular state of motion of matter. The symbol U is used for the internal energy and the unit of measurement is the joules (J). Internal energy increases with rising temperature and with changes of state or phase from solid to liquid and liquid to gas. Planetary bodies can be thought of as combinations of heat reservoirs and heat engines. The heat reservoirs store internal energy E, and the heat engines convert some of this thermal energy into various types of mechanical, electrical and chemical energies. Internal Energy Explanation Internal energy U of a system or a body with well defined boundaries is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules and the potential energy associated with the vibrational motion and electric energy of atoms within molecules. Internal energy also includes the energy in all the chemical bonds. From a microscopic point of view, the internal energy may be found in many different forms. For any material or repulsion between the individual molecules. Internal energy is a state function of a system and is an extensive quantity. One can have a corresponding intensive thermodynamic property called specific internal energy, commonly symbolized by the lowercase letter u, which is internal energy per mass of the substance in question. As such the SI unit of specific internal energy would be the J/g. If the internal energy is expressed on an amount of substance basis then it could be referred to as molar internal energy and the unit would be the J/mol. Internal Energy of a Closed System For a closed system the internal energy is essentially defined by ΔU = q + W Where U is the change in internal energy of a system during a process q is the heat W is the mechanical work. If an energy exchange occurs because of temperature difference between a system and its surroundings, this energy appears as heat otherwise it appears as work. When a force acts on a system through a distance the energy is transferred as work. The above equation shows that energy is conserved. Internal Energy Change Every substance possesses a fixed quantity of energy which depends upon its chemical nature and its state of existence. This is known as intrinsic energy. Every substance has a definite value of internal energy and is equal to the energies possessed by all its constituents namely atoms, ions or molecules. The change in internal energy of a reaction may be considered as the difference between the internal energies of the two states. Let EA and Eb are the initial energies in states A and B respectively. Then the difference between the initial energies in the two states will be ΔU = EB – EA The difference in internal energies has a fixed value and will be independent of the path taken between two states A and B. For the chemical reaction, the change in internal energy may be considered as the difference between the internal energies of the products and that of the reactants. ΔU = Eproducts – Ereactants Thus, the internal energy, ΔU is a state function. This means that ΔU depends only on the initial and final states and is independent of the path. In other words, ΔU will be the same even if the change is brought about differently. 7. 1 Law of thermodynamics. Download 1.46 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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