1. Sadi Carnot (in 1824) gave the following definition: "For a thermodynamic
system to work, at least two sources of different temperatures are necessary. Heat
engines F.I.K. h>1 cannot be".
2. R. Clausius (in 1850) proposed the following definition: "Heat cannot
transfer spontaneously from a much colder body to a much hotter body."
It should be noted that the existence of the second type of perpetual motion
machine does not contradict the first law of thermodynamics. In fact, in this engine,
work would be done not from nothing, but at the expense of the internal energy of
the heat source.
2. Reversible and irreversible processes
One of the most important concepts of thermodynamics is the concept of reversible
and irreversible processes. A thermodynamic process consists of a set of continuously
changing states of a thermodynamic system.
Between any two states of the system 1 and 2, one can imagine two processes passing
through one path: from state 1 to state 2 and vice versa, from state 2 to state 1; such
processes are called forward and reverse processes.
If the temperatures of the
hot and cold sources equalize, that is, the
system consisting
of the
hot source, the
work body, and the cold source
reaches thermal equilibrium,
then heat transfer stops and no work is done.
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