Фонетики со смежными науками: акустикой, анатомией, физиологией, психологией

Regressive voicing or devoicing in English is found only in a few cases of historical assimilation within a compound word when the semantic independence of the first component is lost: five pence ['faıfpəns] not [faıv], gooseberry ['gu:zbrı] not [gu:s]. Or in closely connected words: I have to [ai ¸hæftu], she has to [∫ı¸hæstu], I used to [aı¸ju:sttu]. While in Russian voicing and devoicing is mainly regressive.

3. 
   Changes in the lip position. Consonants followed by the sonorant [w] change their lip-position and become lip-rounded: twinkle, quite, swan,language.
   
4. 
   Changes in the position of the soft palate. Nasal consonants may influence the adjacent plosives, but its’ not typical for English: handsome ['hænnsəm], handmade ['hænnmeıd], she wouldn’t do it [wυnnt], good morning [gυmmﺮ:nıŋ].
   
5. 
   Changes in the manner of the release of plosive consonants. English plosives don’t always have the thirs stage consisting of a sudden oral release of air. The main variants are:
   

1. 
   Incomplete plosion – in the clusters of two plosives [pp, pb, bb, bp,tt, td…] where the position of the organs of speech is the same for both consonants, there is no separation of the organs of speech between the two plosions. The hold stage is prolonged from the beginning of the first consonant until the release of the second. The effect is that of a single plosive pronounced with a very long hold and the first plosive has no plosion at all: accomodation, attraction, bookcase; lamp post, good chance.
   

Or: in a cluster of two plosives or a plosive and an affricate the closure of the organs of speech for the second sound is made before the release of the first, so the first plosive is incomplete and there’s only one plosion for the tow sounds: object, lecture; good girl, hot bottle. It doesn’t happen in Russien, though: акт is pronounced with the three stages of both plosives.

2. 
   Nasal plosion – when a plosive is followed by the syllabic [n] or [m] it has no release of its own, and the so-called ‘nasal plosion’ is produced. After the nornal plosive the release is produced not by the removal of the oral closure, which is retained, but by the lowering of the soft palate – it allows the compressed air to escape through the nasal cavity, getting ready to form the nasal consonant: shipmate, subnormal, buttom; stop moaning, escape noisily.
   
3. 
   Lateral plosion – in the sequences of a plosive immediately followed by [l] the closure produced for the plosive is not released till after [l]. The release is made by a sudden lowering of the sides of the tongue and the aie escapes along the sides of the tongue: please, cattle, black, candle.
   

THE REDUCTION OF CONSONANT CLUSTERS (ELISION) was established long ago:

1. 
   the initial [w, k, g] may be dropped: know, write, gnat.
   
2. 
   the medial [t] or [d] in a cluster of three consosnants are dropped: listen, soften, Wednesday.
   
3. 
   the final [b] is dropped ina cluster [mb]: lamb, dumb.
   

In cases of recent formation the elided forms are typical only of rapid colloquial speech: last time [no t], next day [no t], old man [no d], musnt’t [no t], strict teacher [ no t].