Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
Memorandum From the Under Secretary of State for
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- 176. Telegram From the White House to the Embassies in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Venezuela
- 177. Memorandum From Secretary of State Vance to President Carter
- 178. Telegram From the Department of State to Selected Diplomatic Posts
- Newsom 179. Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State
175. Memorandum From the Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs (Cooper) to the President’s Assistant for Domestic Affairs and Policy (Eizenstat) 1 Washington, December 15, 1978. SUBJECT Recommendation for the President on U.S. Oil Pricing Policy I. Issue How to fulfill the President’s commitment to reduce U.S. imports of oil by raising U.S. crude oil prices to world level by the end of 1980, while at the same time limiting the inflationary impact of this action. The policy adopted should also eliminate the complicated oil price con- trol and entitlements programs and prevent oil producers from cap- turing windfall profits.
An interagency memorandum to the President on December , 1978, described options on oil pricing policy. 2 The policy the State De- partment recommends is a phased decontrol of U.S. crude oil prices combined with an excise or “severance” tax on old oil (excluding stripper and enhanced recovery production). The decontrol of oil prices should not be contingent upon Congressional passage of the excise tax but should proceed independently. This policy will minimize the infla- tionary impact of decontrolling oil prices while permitting the Presi- dent to fulfill his Bonn summit commitment to raise prices paid for oil in the United States to the world level by the end of 1980. 3 The proposal is illustrated in a schematic diagram on page 5 and would work as follows (on the assumption of annual 10% OPEC price increases): —Early in 1979, the President would announce that controlled prices for all U.S. oil would be raised by the statutory limit through De- cember 31, 1979, and that on January 1, 1980, wellhead prices for upper-tier oil would be completely decontrolled, as would retail product prices. As stripper and enhanced recovery oil prices are al- ready decontrolled, this would leave only the price of lower-tier oil controlled. These price controls would be gradually raised until the control authority expires in September 1981. 1 Source: Carter Library, White House Central Files, Subject File, Box TA–26, Trade. Confidential. 2 The date was left blank on the original. The memorandum was not found. 3 See footnotes 2 and 3, Document 157. 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 565 —At the same time, the President would propose legislation for an excise or “severance” tax to be initiated on January 1, 1980. This tax will increase during the year to raise the price of old oil to refiners to the world level by the end of the year. After December 31, 1980, this tax would prevent oil producers from obtaining windfall profits from old oil.
—If OPEC increases oil prices on January 1, 1981, the excise tax would be used to adjust the composite price to U.S. refiners to the new world price level by September 1981, when the control authority ex- pires. U.S. prices thereafter would remain at the world level. —After October 1, 1981, the excise tax would be adjusted to permit wellhead prices of old oil to reach world levels gradually, minimizing any incentive to withhold production, while preventing windfall profits in the interim. III. Pros and Cons Advantages of this approach are: —It utilizes your existing authority to implement a phased decon- trol of oil prices without requiring Congressional action. —Decontrol is not contingent upon Congressional enactment of a windfall profits tax. In fact, the reverse is true. The burden falls to Congress to act quickly and responsibly on the Administration’s excise tax proposal if it wishes to restrict excess profits by producers. —Internationally, the United States would fulfill what is viewed by our allies to be an important Bonn Summit commitment. Failure by the United States to honor this commitment, together with Japan’s failure to implement fully their summit commitments, may be used by others, especially West Germany, as an excuse to back away from some of their own already-implemented commitments. Our failure would also have an adverse effect on U.S. credibility regarding future commitments. —It would eliminate the need for the complex entitlement and price control programs after September 31, 1981, because the refiner ac- quisition price for all categories of oil would be equalized. —Because the date at which the excise or “severance” tax drops to zero is unspecified, companies will have no incentive to withhold pro- duction of old oil. —The major economic impact would not be felt until 1980 or 1981, thereby minimizing adverse effects on your anti-inflation program in 1979. Some disadvantages are: —The proposal includes Congressional passage of an excise tax. It may be difficult to get Congressional approval at the time, in the form 365-608/428-S/80010 566 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII and with the tax revenues allocated as envisioned by the Administration. —Failure to enact the tax would mean that producers of old oil would receive windfall profits when control authority ends on October 1, 1981. These producers would also be likely to reduce production of old oil until that date. —Small windfall profits will accrue to producers by decontrolling upper tier oil. —An excise tax which varies with world prices and with the old oil wellhead price may be criticized as too complex. However, it will be less complex than the present entitlements program.
That you adopt the approach described above. 4 [Omitted here is the schematic diagram described in Section II.] 4 There is no indication of approval or disapproval of the recommendation. 176. Telegram From the White House to the Embassies in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Venezuela 1 Washington, December 15, 1978, 0013Z. WH81609. Subject: Presidential Message: OPEC Meeting. 1. Embassy is instructed to arrange the earliest feasible delivery of the following message from President Carter to, respectively, King Khalid, or the Shah, or President Perez, with a view to inducing instruc- tions compatible with this message to their delegates to the OPEC meeting:
2. Text: (appropriate salutation) “I have heard a number of reports that the OPEC nations may de- cide, at their forthcoming meeting in Abu Dhabi this Saturday, on an oil price increase that would average around 10 percent for 1979. I am deeply disturbed by these reports, because I believe that an increase of this magnitude would be highly disruptive and damaging to the world 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, President’s Correspondence with Foreign Leaders File, Box 21, Venezuela: President Carlos Andres Pe´rez, 6/78–3/79. Confidential; Exdis; Flash. 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 567 economy, affecting not only my own efforts to stabilize the U.S. econo- my and strengthen the dollar but your country’s economic interests as well. I would stress in particular that the international monetary sys- tem is at an extremely delicate stage, in which the United States, in co- operation with other major industrial nations, has committed itself not only to utilize massive foreign exchange resources but to undertake dif- ficult domestic stabilization measures in an effort to restore and main- tain world monetary order. The shock of a large oil price increase would seriously jeopardize this effort, in whose success you have a large stake. “It is for these reasons that I am expressing to you, personally and directly, my strong hope that any oil price increase in 1979 will be ex- tremely moderate, and that delegates to the OPEC meeting will exert their best efforts to this end.” 2 (complimentary close) Jimmy Carter (End text) 3 3. Report transmittal and response. 4 2 On December 17, OPEC members announced their agreement to increase oil prices by quarterly increments in 1979, such that the weighted average for the year would total nearly 10 percent. The Embassy in Abu Dhabi, where the meeting was held, report- ed: “Decision reflects compromise between moderates who started out at zero and others who pressed for increases of up to 20 percent. Supply shortage caused by Iranian situa- tion as well as impact of inflation and past weakening of dollar were stated to be princi- pal factors which prevented moderates from holding price increase to more modest level. Adoption of quarterly incremental increases poses problems for future since it could set pattern for OPEC pricing which will be very difficult to stop.” (Telegram 3293 from Abu Dhabi, December 17; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D780535– 0534)
3 Poats sent a memorandum to Brzezinski on December 18, in which he wrote: “The White House used my revised press release expressing hope that OPEC will reconsider before the next steps take effect. We need to follow up officially and confidentially on this. Lonely US protests are not likely to avail much. For the first time, Japan and Ger- many may be willing now to consider joint approaches to Saudi Arabia because they may no longer enjoy oil price insulation due to dollar depreciation. Our best hope is to get high Saudi production along with resumed full production by Iran, creating a glut that leads to price-shaving by the OPEC hawks before the June OPEC meeting.” (Carter Li- brary, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Subject File, Box 48, Oil: 8/78–2/79) The December 17 White House press release is printed in Public Papers of the Presidents of
, p. 2271. 4 King Khalid replied: “When the Kingdom sensed that the OPEC states, under pressure of economic conditions, sought a large increase in petroleum prices, the King- dom did its best in order to have that increase made in steps and within very reasonable limits so that its total would not exceed (10 percent) from the beginning of 1979 and so that it would not harm the world economy. Your Excellency is well aware of the efforts in this direction exerted by the Kingdom.” He added: “In order to avoid continuing rises we hope that you will continue your efforts towards raising the value of the dollar and re- ducing or stabilizing the price of manufactured materials. These steps will restore eco- nomic balance so that there will be no justification for raising petroleum prices in the fu- ture.” (Telegram 8857 from Jidda, December 18; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D780522–1020) 365-608/428-S/80010 568 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 177. Memorandum From Secretary of State Vance to President Carter 1 Washington, December 26, 1978. SUBJECT Mexican Natural Gas As requested, I have reviewed Jim Schlesinger’s memorandum on Mexican gas negotiations. 2 It is a thorough analysis of the technical as- pects of the gas question. From the perspective of our overall relation- ship with Mexico, however, I am concerned that the analysis does not fully take into account the critical importance of increased U.S.-Mexican cooperation in areas such as migration, trade, and en- ergy. In particular, I believe that Jim’s proposed strategy of going back to the Mexicans with an offer essentially the same as the one rejected by Lopez Portillo a year ago could adversely affect your trip 3 and the longer-term prospects for U.S.-Mexican cooperation. The Mexicans view these gas negotiations as an indicator of our in- terest in over-all cooperation. They have displayed anger and bewilder- ment over the events which led up to the suspension of discussions last year. While their reaction may be part of the bargaining process to some extent, the outcome apparently has left Lopez Portillo personally troubled and has provided a major focus for domestic criticism of his efforts to strengthen ties with the U.S. The Mexicans see us as paying very high prices for Algerian or Indonesian liquified gas, but vetoing a deal negotiated between PEMEX and U.S. companies which would cost American consumers much less than this other imported gas—or than the gas we are planning to bring down from Alaska. While they can un- derstand our concern with the effect of a Mexican deal on the Canadian price, they are also aware that this concern has not deterred us from ar- ranging for gas from these other sources at even higher prices than the Mexican proposal. Against this background, I fear that Jim’s going-in offer will not provide a basis to continue the discussions. It is essentially the same offer we made a year ago—$2.60 price when the gas starts flowing in 1980, with an escalator related to the inflation rate and/or world oil price increases. It would come after another round of OPEC price in- creases and after press reports of high level attention to Mexican policy 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, P860136–2560. Se- cret. Printed from an uninitialed copy. 2 Document 174. 3 A State visit to Mexico was scheduled for February 14–16, 1979. 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 569 in the U.S. Government. Lopez Portillo could cut the dialogue short and your visit would take place under adverse conditions. This is not to say that we should simply accept the Mexican price. At the very least, I think Jim should consider how to make sure that our positions are presented in such a way as to keep the negotiations going forward. He might emphasize that he is talking about general pricing concepts (not hard and fast numbers) and that the actual purchase would be negotiated in detail between private companies and PEMEX. When you visit Mexico, you could discuss the gas issue briefly and in general terms (since in any event the Mexicans would not want a com- mercial transaction to become the focus of your state visit) and set the stage for serious commercial negotiations commencing after your visit, in an atmosphere that will increase—rather than diminish—the chances for growing cooperation between our two countries in the dec- ades ahead. In preparation for these negotiations, I question whether our ulti- mate fallback should be, as Jim proposes, a link to residual fuel oil that closes less than half of the price gap between us and the Mexicans. In light of the larger stakes we have in U.S.-Mexican cooperation, I am not sure we can afford to adopt as a final bottom line a proposal that refuses to meet the Mexicans half way. Mexico’s population may exceed ours in a few decades. With a 2,000-mile border and 160 million legal crossings (and about a million illegal crossings) a year, with narcotics a major concern, with a level of bilateral trade exceeded by only four countries, with Hispanics soon to be our largest minority, with the real possibility of social turbulence in Mexico in the coming decades as migration, income-disparity, urbani- zation and unemployment all increase, it is in our interest to work closely with Mexico—not antagonistically. A policy of waiting three or four years to pressure a weaker Mexico into submitting to our terms would, I believe, be detrimental to our national interest. A more dramatic concrete example of North-South confrontation could not be imagined—right on our own borders. We are likely to pay for it in many ways—in reduced coopera- tion on narcotics, migration, trade, border issues, and also politically within the Hispanic community. Although Jim may be correct that Mexican gas will flow into the U.S. market in the next few years, the Mexicans have demonstrated over the years that they are capable of making decisions to their economic detriment where national pride is involved. 365-608/428-S/80010 570 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 178. Telegram From the Department of State to Selected Diplomatic Posts 1 Washington, December 29, 1978, 0327Z. 326855. Subject: U.S. Position on OPEC Price Increase. 2 1) At their discretion Ambassador and senior Economic Officer should take the occasion, when it is appropriate, to inform senior levels of the host government of the U.S. Government’s reaction to the OPEC oil price increase. We do not wish you to make a formal de´marche at this time, but we also do not wish to leave an incorrect impression about this government’s position. Talking points follow: 2) The U.S. very much regrets the recent OPEC price increase, which we do not believe warranted by underlying market conditions or by other considerations. 3) Prior to the OPEC meeting, we had made clear our desire that, if an oil price increase could not be avoided, it should be an extremely moderate one in order to minimize damage to international economic recovery. The four-stage price increase just announced, culminating in OPEC oil prices 14.5 percent higher nine months from now, cannot be considered moderate in its impact on the world economy. 4) This large price hike clearly has prejudiced the U.S. and world economic outlook, and will impede programs to maintain world eco- nomic recovery and to reduce inflation. 5) The oil price increase will also unfavorably affect global trade. It will not only impose the burden of additional import costs on all oil-importing countries but will also reduce overall export opportu- nities as economic growth becomes more difficult to achieve in all in- dustrialized and oil-importing developing countries. 6) The strong reaction by other oil-consuming nations to the price increase gives ample evidence of the serious and widespread concern over the harm it will likely do to the achievement of the universal eco- nomic goal of sustainable non-inflationary growth. 7) The OPEC members themselves have an important stake in the world economy. They must share the responsibility for the success of programs designed to improve payment balances, maintain economic growth, and reduce inflation. We are disappointed, therefore, that 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D780539–0146. Confidential. Drafted by James C. Todd (EB/ORF/FSE); cleared by Rosen, Bosworth, Katz, Twinam, Solomon, and in NEA/RA; and approved by Cooper. Sent to Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, Algiers, Baghdad, Caracas, Doha, Jakarta, Jidda, Kuwait, Lagos, Libreville, Quito, Tehran, Tripoli, and Dhahran. 2 See footnote 2, Document 176. 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 571 OPEC’s decision to date has not given adequate consideration to the world economic situation, and the basic oil market conditions. 8) For Jidda: FYI—We are considering further approaches to the Saudis concerning their production ceilings and the Iranian production situation. But you should proceed now to make appropriate use of the points in this message. 9) For Tehran: Department leaves to your judgment the advis- ability of making an approach at this time. Newsom 179. Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State 1 Jidda, December 31, 1978, 0511Z. 9044. Subject: Aftermath of OPEC Price Increase. Ref: Jidda 8735. 2 1. We have attempted to reconstruct both the political and eco- nomic happenings which led to the higher than expected OPEC price increase at Abu Dhabi. 3 In this connection we have talked informally with numerous Saudi officials as well as private sector Saudi business persons who are generally knowledgeable about SAG policy matters. 2. We conclude that the following factors were primarily determi- native of the final action taken at Abu Dhabi: A) A conclusion reached early on that Saudi Arabia could not withstand another split in OPEC ranks, and would at all costs avoid the two-tier system which resulted from the Saudi action at Doha in 1976. 4 The Saudis were determined because of the 1976–77 experience to pre- vent a recurrence. 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D790001–0049. Confidential. Repeated to Riyadh and Dhahran. 2 In telegram 8735 from Jidda, December 13, West reported that Yamani told him that “the Saudi ultimate compromise position at the December 16 OPEC meeting would be for a 5 percent increase on January 1 with subsequent periodic increases so that the to- tal cost of oil for 1979 would be no more than 10 percent above that of 1978.” Yamani also noted that “the feeling of most OPEC countries was strong and beginning to be bitter toward Saudi Arabia for its stance for a freeze or modest increase” and pointed out “con- ditions in Iran as substantially weakening the Saudi argument for a minimal increase.” (Ibid., D780518–0104) 3 See footnote 2, Document 176. 4 See Document 113. 365-608/428-S/80010 572 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII B) The Saudis, therefore, were unwilling to face their OPEC col- leagues alone; at the 1977 December meeting 5 they had the support, which was essential to the ultimate action taken, of Iran. This year they recognized that they would have no support from Iran and, in fact, the Iranian situation undercut their influence and leverage at the OPEC meeting.
C) Accordingly, in looking for other substantial support, they turned to Kuwait. The general outline of the agreement was reached during the visit of Kuwait’s Crown Prince approximately ten days prior to the OPEC meeting. The Saudis gained what they considered to be a major concession from Kuwait in having them agree to a phased-in series of small increases rather than a single large increase at the begin- ning of the year. 3. The agreement reached with Kuwait was essentially that there be a phased-in price rise which would average 10 percent over the year. This agreement was discussed and probably approved by the Oil Min- ister of the UAE during a visit to Saudi Arabia immediately after the Kuwaiti delegation departed. 4. The Saudis feel that the price increase as finally adopted was a creditable achievement for them and the interests of the U.S., and point out the following arguments which were being advanced by the other OPEC countries as a reason for a much larger increase: A) The report of the Economic Commission Board of OPEC report- edly showed that the purchasing power of oil had declined 38 percent since the last price increase (I have requested a copy of this report and have been told that one would be made available). B) All of the OPEC countries with the exception of Kuwait and Libya, but specifically including Saudi Arabia, had negative cash flow positions for 1978, and even with the projected increase there will prob- ably be a similar situation existing in 1979. 5. There is some resentment being expressed by Saudi officials on two points in connection with the increase: A) The price characterization by the press of the increase as a 14.5 percent increase. At least two high Saudi officials have expressed re- sentment at such characterization, pointing out that the increase for 1979 is only 10 percent (overlooking of course that the ultimate price in- crease is the higher figure). B) A feeling that the U.S. does not appreciate the efforts made by the Saudis in holding the increase to what the Saudis consider to be an acceptable level. 5 See footnote 2, Document 142. 365-608/428-S/80010 February 1977–January 1979 573 6. Comment: A) The visits of Secretary Blumenthal and Senator Byrd 6 were, in
my judgement, most helpful in strengthening the Saudis’ resolve to hold for a moderate increase. The principal reason assigned by the Saudis for not keeping the increase at or below the 10 percent level is the situation in Iran which continued to deteriorate rapidly in the days just before the OPEC meeting. B) Whether or not this was in fact the controlling reason for the Saudis’ ultimate decision to compromise at a higher figure, we can use this happening as an argument to the Saudis that they should make a commitment now to increase substantially their productive capacity. As long as they do not have productive capacity to compensate for a sudden reduction in the world supply, then their influence on OPEC measures is diminished as well as their leadership position in the Arab world. C) In my judgement the chances of any favorable change in the de- cision reached at Abu Dhabi is small. If the Iranian situation stabilizes and production returns to pre-crisis levels, and if the dollar strengthens, we would then have some basis to ask Saudi Arabia to take a lead position in postponing some of the proposed quarterly in- creases. Even with these two favorable developments, however, it would be difficult for Saudi Arabia to take this action in view of their stated position, including the post-OPEC statement by Oil Minister Yamani at Geneva. 7 The loss of face and the appearance of responding to U.S. pressure are difficult to overcome. 8
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