Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
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2. Memorandum of Conversation 1 Washington, August 17, 1974. PARTICIPANTS President Ford Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of State and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Lt. General Brent Scowcroft, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Kissinger: On the energy situation, we have to find a way to break the cartel. 2 We can’t do it without cooperation with the other con- sumers. It is intolerable that countries of 40 million can blackmail 800 million people in the industrial world. We have to get into position carefully so we don’t get out ahead and our allies don’t move in to pick up the pieces and get an economic advantage. That was the purpose of the Washington Energy Confer- ence.
3 We are getting the IEP by the end of September. It is effective only against a selective embargo and it creates a framework for com- munication. The Europeans probably think we should use it only passively. Simon wants a confrontation with the Shah. He thinks the Saudis would reduce prices if the Shah would go along. I doubt the Saudis want to get out in front. Also the Saudis belong to the most feckless and gutless of the Arabs. They have maneuvered skillfully. I think they are trying to tell us—they said they would have an auction—it will never come off. They won’t tell us they can live with lower prices but they won’t fight for them. They would be jumped on by the radicals if they got in front. The Shah is a tough, mean guy. But he is our real friend. He is the only one who would stand up to the Soviet Union. We need him for balance against India. We can’t tackle him without breaking him. We 1 Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Memoranda of Conversations, Box 5. Secret; Nodis. The meeting was held in the Oval Office and lasted from 9:45 to 10:15 a.m. (Ibid., White House Office Files, President’s Daily Diary) 2 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). 3 The Washington Energy Conference of the major industrialized nations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan, and France—a reluctant participant—was convened at the Department of State in February to develop common energy policies in response to the Arab oil embargo precipitated by the Arab-Israeli war of October 1973. At the conference, which revealed the extent of Franco-American dis- cord over whether the European Community should even coordinate energy policy with Washington, the United States proposed that a permanent organization of energy- consuming states be created. See Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, volume XXXVI, Energy Crisis, 1969–1974, Document 318. 365-608/428-S/80010 August 1974–April 1975 13 can get to him by cutting military supplies, and the French would be delighted to replace them. President: He didn’t join the embargo. Kissinger: Right. Simon agrees now, though. The strategy of tack- ling the Shah won’t work. We are now thinking of other ways. First, we have to get the IEP going. Second, we have to use the Library Group, 4 an informal finance group which is meeting on 7 September to raise the problem of oil prices and work for a coherent structure to deal with it. Third, there is a meeting of the IMF board at the end of September, and the UN Foreign Ministers will be here. We thought of assembling the Finance and Foreign Ministers then and put a more daring action pro- gram to them. It will be refused—like the February Energy Conference. France won’t go along. That is okay, because in six months they will be eager to join. If there is a crisis, we will be out in front and can organize it. We will get some cooperation, though. But as a precondition, we need to get our own energy program in hand. Conservation has gone by the board. If we don’t show a shrinkage; our allies won’t. There is a forty percent chance of a Middle East blowup. President: There is no problem getting conservation started again, but the coal moratorium is a problem. Maybe that gives us a lever to get conservation going again. Kissinger: If the public focuses on the fact this is not just a coal strike but an energy crisis. President: We don’t have to attack the workers but show it as an illustration of the energy problems. Kissinger: Everyone now agrees on the necessity of what we pro- posed at the Washington Energy Conference. President: The conservationists are launching an offensive and this would give us a chance to fight against it on grounds the crisis continues. When the consumers get organized and we start dealing with the producers—if it worked as you wish—what would you do? Kissinger: We are organizing the consumers. Then we are orga- nizing bilateral commissions to tie their economies as closely to us as possible. So we have leverage and the Europeans can’t just move in in a crisis. We want to tie up their capital. When the Shah sees us organizing the consumers—he will see, if we don’t do it in a way appearing threatening to him. 4 See footnote 4, Document 1. 365-608/428-S/80010 14 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII I perhaps should visit him in October, in connection with the So- viet trip, and talk about bilateral arrangements. President: Does he want higher prices? Kissinger: Yes. He has limited supplies. He knows the profit is higher on petrochemicals and that the Saudis get more from the com- panies in everything. We won’t be in a position to confront the producers before the middle of 1975. We have got to get rolling. President: We have the Alaskan pipeline, and ERDA. I’m glad Scoop
5 moved.
Kissinger: We called him yesterday and he was conciliatory. You might consider talking to him again next week. I told Dinitz he had to help us here and that Rabin had to come in early September. President: We have to give Scoop his amendment. 6 Kissinger: If you get waiver authority, that Congress would have to veto, it’s okay. President: What he wants is his amendment. The supporters don’t understand the waiver authority. Kissinger: The Soviet Union won’t buy going in every year for leg- islation. They will complain about this, but will go along with it. A Member of Congress last night said they want a compromise. President: If we can pull it off and get the bill, it is the best thing we can do.
Kissinger: Next week you will be hit with a recommendation for export controls. I would like a chance to comment. President: I notice the Japanese are buying heavily. Kissinger: That is the problem. It leads to scare buying—like sur- pluses. Commodities are one of our big foreign policy tools. President: Who is for it? Kissinger: Not Butz. I think OMB and Treasury. I will have a paper for you on Monday. 7 I want to ensure it won’t be decided on domestic grounds alone. President: It won’t be. 5 Senator Henry “Scoop” Jackson (D–WA), Chairman of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, which later became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. 6 Jackson wanted to attach an amendment on emigration from the Soviet Union to the trade bill stalled in the Senate. 7 August 19. The paper was not found. An undated August memorandum from Kissinger to Ford on “Oil Strategy” is in the Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Subject File, Box 4, Energy (2). 365-608/428-S/80010 August 1974–April 1975 15 3. Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State 1 Jidda, September 3, 1974, 1000Z. 5074. Subject: Yamani’s Displeasure at Lack of U.S. Action on Oil Auction. Ref: (A) Jidda 4431; (B) State 182093. 2 Summary: Minister of Petroleum Yamani believes it would be worthwhile for Ambassador to visit Fahd in London or Cannes and make a final appeal that oil auction be held. Yamani feels USG has not tried hard to support Saudi Arabia’s efforts for a reduction in oil prices. He wonders if we are in fact trying to provoke a consumer/producer confrontation to better organize consumers against OPEC. Ambassa- dor believes he should make approach to Fahd as recommended by Yamani. Approach will probably not succeed and even if an auction should be held its long-term effects might not be very significant. A strong de´marche to Fahd, however, would at least harden Saudi re- solve to keep oil prices constant, which would be of considerable help in face of present inflation. End summary. 1. Ahmad Zaki Yamani, Saudi Minister of Petroleum, asked me why I had not gone to London to try to convince Prince Fahd (Saudi Minister of the Interior and Chairman of the Supreme Oil Council) to hold the oil auction. He said he thought there was still a chance that the decision to cancel the auction could be reversed and indicated I was the only one Fahd would listen to (Ref A). 2. I told him Fahd was expected back from London vacation soon and I would talk with him then. He replied that the decision on the auc- tion must be made before the OPEC meeting September 8 and Fahd 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D740243–0333. Se- cret; Niact; Immediate; Exdis. Repeated to London and Dhahran. 2 In telegram 4431 from Jidda, July 30, the Embassy reported that Yamani “was having great difficulties” in getting an oil auction organized. He had hoped that the com- petitive bidding process of an auction would lower the price of oil without reducing the rents paid to producers but instead cutting into the profit margins of the major oil com- panies. Yamani was opposed by the Abu Dhabi Minister of Petroleum, the Shah, and Fahd, who wanted to sell oil directly to individual companies so that they could, as Yamani phrased it, “get their hands on vast quantities of oil and cream off substantial commissions for themselves.” (Ibid.) Telegram 182093 to Geneva and London, August 20, noted that Yamani would probably soon unveil a proposal for a “‘mini-conference’ of oil producers and consumers” and instructed the Mission in Geneva not to “solicit or en- courage discussion of such a conference, but rather remain entirely in a reactive posture.” (Ibid.)
365-608/428-S/80010 16 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII will not be back in the Kingdom before the middle of the month. He asked that we reconsider and that I make a special trip to London or Cannes to see Fahd. 3. He then asked about our approaches to the King. I said I in- tended to see His Majesty. I had briefed Congressman Wyatt 3 on the subject; Wyatt had raised it with the King, but the King did not re- spond. I will raise it with the King when I see him—I hope during the coming week. Yamani was pleased and asked if we had coordinated this with Britain, France and Germany; would their Ambassadors be making similar de´marches? I said the Europeans could, of course, do what they wanted, but we had decided that it was probably premature to make a strong joint approach (Ref B). 4. Yamani blew up. He said Saudi Arabia and he in particular had done everything they could to reduce oil prices. He had asked me re- peatedly for assistance and he had gotten very little. He had asked that the USG make approaches to the other OPEC countries; he now had full reports of these meetings. All the Americans did, he said, was to say mildly to the governments how nice it would be if prices were to be decreased; there were no threats, no intimations of affecting relations; nothing, in short, that could convince any OPEC government, except Saudi Arabia, that we were serious about prices. He referred to my elaborate presentations and detailed analyses of what the oil costs would do to the U.S. and other countries, and asked why we had not made such presentations in “Iran or anyplace else”. 5. He said that in Quito the consensus was to raise oil prices by $3.00/barrel, and only Saudi Arabia’s efforts frustrated this. 4 There had been, indeed, several official U.S. expressions of gratitude to Saudi Arabia for its work, but there had been no recognition in the U.S. press. 6. Now, he said, he was forced to conclude that we did not want any decrease; we probably really wanted a further increase in prices in order to provoke a confrontation between consumers and producers. If prices jumped sharply again, he said, it would make it much easier for us to organize the consumers in a bloc against OPEC. 3 Representative Wendell Wyatt (R–OR). 4 At the 40th OPEC conference, held in Quito June 15–17, the participants agreed to raise the royalty rate on oil sales from 12.5 to 14.5 percent but not the price of petroleum itself for the next 3 months. Those who advocated an increase in the royalty rate wanted to prevent inflation from eroding the purchasing power of their revenues. (Skeet, OPEC:
, p. 112) The communique´ issued at the conclusion of the conference was transmitted in telegram 4044 from Quito, June 17. (National Ar- chives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D740157–0952) 365-608/428-S/80010 August 1974–April 1975 17 7. I told him he had flipped. We might not have handled the price question as smoothly as he would have liked. And we certainly hadn’t been as successful in other OPEC capitals as either of us would have liked. But we did try and we would continue trying. And what possible purpose could we have in provoking confrontation? The high oil prices were ruining much of the world; this could scarcely benefit us. He said he was sorry, but in light of the information I had just given him, he doubted if we had tried or would try very hard to reduce prices. As for our motives, he said, they had been suggested before; he hadn’t be- lieved them then, but was forced to wonder. (He did not specify but was referring to reports last winter that we were preparing US- European invasion force to occupy the oil fields of Arabia.) 8. Comment: Yamani is obviously disappointed that his plan to re- duce oil prices has been frustrated by Prince Fahd and probably others in the Saudi Government. And he is angry that we appear not to be giving him the support he thinks he deserves. But I do not believe that the auction would really establish a new world market price for oil. It would indeed have an important psychological effect; it would enable us to tell other oil producers that a “correct” price for oil had been es- tablished, but it wouldn’t have been effective very long. 9. I am inclined to believe Saudi Arabia is bluffing regarding the auction. If it had its auction and if the new price is $8.00/barrel, I am sure all other OPEC countries will say fine, we will continue selling ours for $11.00/barrel. There is no doubt what would then happen; the world would continue paying $11.00; Saudi Arabia could not increase its production fast enough to take away markets (even if it wanted to) and Yamani’s enemies in the country would point out that Saudi Ara- bia had lost billions; the consumers had not profited and the buyers of Saudi oil had seen their profits multiplied. There would not be a second auction.
10. Nonetheless, bluffs frequently work; OPEC is quite clearly still frightened of the Saudi potential. The rulers of Iran, Algeria and Ku- wait and others would not have appealed to King Faisal not to hold the auction, if they had been sure it would fail. Accordingly, I think we must give Yamani as much support as we can. 11. Action Requested: (A) That I be instructed to see Fahd immedi- ately; review the world’s financial problems, and ask him to do what he can to hold the oil auction. A special trip to him would demonstrate the depth of our concern. (B) That we reconsider our position on asking the British, French, and Germans to make supportive de´marches to the King.
365-608/428-S/80010 18 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII (C) That we make a very strong approach to the Shah—not a lesser official—and that I be authorized to give the details of this de´marche to the Saudis. 5 12. Conclusion: Assuming that all these efforts fail (and I would es- timate their chances of success as small) we would have demonstrated more fully our determination to reduce prices, and we could at least hope that the compromise proposed by the Saudis of freezing oil prices for a “long time” would be more generally acceptable to OPEC. In a pe- riod when the cost of OPEC’s imports are increasing by 10–20 percent per year, constant oil prices would be a considerable achievement. Akins 5 The Department ruled against meeting Fahd in London, noting: “it could well be embarrassing to SAG to be seen to have American Ambassador make such an unusual visit against the background of current controversy over prices and the forthcoming OPEC meeting.” Akins was also reminded that Ford had “recently written to King Faisal and in course of that letter made certain remarks on the ramifications of the high level of petroleum prices,” as Yamani had asked. (Telegram 193332 to Jidda, September 4; ibid.) The August 29 letter from Ford to Faisal is in telegram 192483 to Jidda, September 1; Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Correspondence with Foreign Leaders, Box 4, Saudi Arabia—King Faisal. 4. Memorandum From Secretary of State Kissinger to President Ford 1 Washington, September 6, 1974. SUBJECT Ambassador Helms Assessment of Situation in Near East and South Asia When Richard Helms took up his post as our Ambassador to Iran, we asked him to keep watch over developments in the entire region stretching from Iraq, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Persian Gulf, and Af- ghanistan, to India and Pakistan. Ambassador Helms has just sent me 1 Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, “Outside the System” Chrono- logical Files, Box 1. Secret; Sensitive. Sent for information. Ford initialed the memorandum. 365-608/428-S/80010 August 1974–April 1975 19 his annual assessment of developments and prospects in this region. (A reference map of the region is at Tab A.) 2 1. The Price of Oil: With oil selling at four times its October 1973 price, stabilizing the price of oil must be ranked as one of the critical problems in the area. As Helms notes, the future of oil prices depends on the success of our endeavors for a peaceful Arab-Israeli settlement. We must stabilize the price of oil, Helms is convinced. We cannot accomplish this by using the Saudis, he believes, because they probably cannot be so used; we cannot achieve it by threatening the Shah, be- cause this only makes him less willing to compromise. Helms, who knows the Shah well, believes that the Shah is “not an unreasonable man” and can see himself the calamitous consequences of an economic collapse in the West. We should therefore try to make clear to the Shah the ruinous ef- fects of the excessive oil prices. We should also try, Helms suggests, to get the Chinese to make the same point to the Shah. This is not a far-fetched suggestion. The Chinese (who are good friends of the Shah) should hardly welcome an economic collapse of Western Europe which would free Soviet forces for redeployment in China’s direction. [Omitted here is discussion of “India–Pakistan–Iran Relations,” “The Indian Nuclear Test,” “The New U.S. Rapprochement with Egypt and Syria,” “Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean,” “Iraq,” and “China’s Role.”]
2 Helms’s assessment is in backchannel message 966 from Tehran, August 25. (Ibid., National Security Adviser, Backchannel Messages, Box 4, Middle East/Africa) Tab A is attached but not printed. 365-608/428-S/80010 20 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 5. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Saudi Arabia 1 Washington, September 16, 1974, 1551Z. 203063. Subject: Appreciation for Saudi Position at OPEC. Ref: Jidda 5305. 2 1. Ambassador should convey in manner he deems most appro- priate to His Majesty King Faisal President Ford’s appreciation for the courageous and statesmanlike position taken by Saudi Arabia at the OPEC conference in Vienna. 3 2. The President quite understands the point made in His Maj- esty’s letter of September 11 that other oil exporters are behaving in a less responsible manner, and we have let our views be known both publicly and privately. What is required is continuing understanding that we live in an interdependent world and that the free world will suffer if measures are taken to prevent market forces from determining a fair price for oil. We fear that unless there is a statesmanlike approach on oil prices, the alternative will be a confrontation between consumer and producer countries, given the need for oil to help fuel the world’s economy. 3. The President appreciates the burdens that are now being thrust on Saudi Arabia because of the heavy responsibility it bears for the free world’s economic health. This is a responsibility, however, which Saudi Arabia derives from the position of leadership which the Kingdom now occupies and from the value it places in the prosperity, well being, and security of the free world.
4. FYI: We are not coming out publicly to pat Saudis on the back because we know they are sensitive to charges of being an American 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D740258–1032. Se- cret; Immediate; Exdis. Drafted by Francois M. Dickman (NEA/ARP); cleared by Ather- ton, Katz, and Scowcroft; and approved by Kissinger. 2 Telegram 5305 from Jidda, September 13, transmitted a September 11 letter from Faisal thanking Ford for his August 29 message and commenting: “all of the OPEC states are standing against us with regard to lowering the prices which we have suggested—be- cause they wish them to increase steadily. But after long discussions with Algeria and Iran it has been agreed to freeze the current price for a further period. We ask that you get in touch with your friends from among the OPEC states and particularly Iran and Algeria to support our position with regard to lowering the price.” (Ibid., D740256–0455) For Ford’s August 29 message, see footnote 5, Document 3. 3 At the 38th OPEC conference, held in Vienna March 16–17, the participants agreed not to raise the price of oil over the next 3-month period. Faisal informed Akins before the meeting that he would instruct Yamani to try to lower prices and “to compromise only to the extent of freezing prices.” According to the Ambassador, numerous reports confirmed that Yamani “fought hard to carry out his instructions.” (Telegram 5411 from Jidda, September 17; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D740260–0255) 365-608/428-S/80010 August 1974–April 1975 21 tool on oil policy matters. However, we are quite prepared to do so if Embassy believes Saudis would welcome this. 4 End FYI.
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