Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
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- Agency (Ernst) to Gary Sick of the National Security Council Staff
- Maurice C. Ernst Attachment
- 263. Memorandum From Secretary of Energy Duncan to President Carter
- 264. Editorial Note
Vance 3 None of these studies has been identified. 365-608/428-S/80010 826 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII 262. Memorandum From the Director of Economic Research, National Foreign Assessment Center, Central Intelligence Agency (Ernst) to Gary Sick of the National Security Council Staff 1 Washington, February 25, 1980. SUBJECT The Oil Supply Problem in the 1980s 1. Jim Cochrane indicated to me that you want to read a paper re- cently done by the Office of Economic Research for Ed Fried. 2. This is OER’s first hurried attempt to analyze and project the OECD energy supply through 1990. We have sketched out the main el- ements of our thinking on the subject and made up 2 scenarios, which we consider to be respectively, highly optimistic or highly pessimistic. We have not detailed oil and other energy production projections on all individual countries to avoid unnecessary arguments. We could specify several combinations of country projections that would be con- sistent with our more aggregative projections. 3. The paper reflects current OER views. It is still in rough-draft form and the subject needs a great deal of additional work. I would like to present it as a basis for discussion, not as representing CIA’s even- tual best estimate. So please do not give it wide dissemination. 4. Specifically, the following additional types of analysis are needed:
• More systematic calculations of potential oil production profiles in key countries under various assumptions. We are currently doing this for Saudi Arabia and Iraq. • More systematic analysis of the probability of finding new oil in various areas, and of the difficulty in extracting it. • A fuller assessment of projected revenue requirements of key OPEC countries. • Assessments of the possibilities for changes in the composition of final energy demand to accommodate the changing mix of energy products available. • [2 lines not declassified] 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Staff Material, Middle East File, Box 66, Middle East Oil, 11/79–10/80. Confidential. 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 827 5. We hope to put out a more elaborate study, with some of these gaps partially filled, this summer. 2
3 The Oil Supply Problem in the 1980s Conclusions World oil production may have already peaked and is likely to de- cline at least slowly throughout the 1980s. Whether the decline is slow or rapid will depend on the following: —whether greater oil exploration efforts occurring in response to growing oil scarcity are successful in offsetting more of the depletion of oil reserves than was the case in the 1970s; —whether oil production rates in the Persian Gulf and other policy-constrained countries will be cut as depletion progresses; —whether political change in key producing countries will lead to a further curtailment of oil supply. Specifically, we expect: —Persian Gulf production to decline, or at best to remain near cur- rent levels; —production in other OPEC countries to decline, at least slightly; —OECD production to decline after the mid 1980s; —production in LDCs to increase, the extent depending largely on Mexican discoveries and decisions; —Communist oil trade to shift from a net export to a net import position. Overall, we project declines in Free World oil supply in the 1980s ranging from less than 5 percent to about 25 percent. Most of the de- cline will be in the lighter grades of oil, from which most light oil products are made. The interaction between OPEC price decisions and the production decisions of OPEC countries will tend to give results closer to the lower than to the higher end of the range. As oil prices are ratcheted upward during periods of tight markets, oil producers often cut production—initially to avoid excessive surplus revenues, and later, as demand drops, to sustain the new real oil price. It is virtually certain that the OECD countries will get a declining share of Free World oil supplies, as has been the case in the past decade. This is because of the tendency of the oil producers to give their own 2 The study has not been found. 3 Confidential. The paper is dated February 1980. 365-608/428-S/80010 828 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII needs priority, a likely continued differential in economic growth rates between the LDCs and the OECD countries, and the particular energy needs of developing countries. We consequently expect OECD oil sup- plies to fall at least 15 percent and as much as one-third. Increased supplies of other forms of energy to the OECD, espe- cially coal and nuclear power, are likely to just about offset the decline in oil supply. At best, total OECD energy supplies would grow about 1 percent a year; at worst, they would decline 1 percent a year. It would be extremely difficult for the OECD to achieve acceptable rates of economic growth with energy supplies stagnating. To achieve even 3 percent economic growth would require annual declines in en- ergy consumption per unit of GNP of between 2 and 4 percent, or 2 to 3 times the rate achieved since 1973. Energy, especially oil, prices are bound to rise rapidly in this situation, leading to far greater conser- vation, as well as to slower economic growth. 4 Adjustment of energy demand to stagnating energy supply will be hindered by the likely de- pressive effect of slower economic growth on investment and conse- quently on the rate of introduction of more efficient energy-using dura- bles. And demand adjustment will be greatly complicated by a rapid decline in supplies of light oil products for which there are no good substitutes while potential coal supplies may not be used. [Omitted here is the body of the 35-page paper.] 4 The International Energy Weekly Review produced by the National Foreign As- sessment Center, March 19, focused on “International Payments Implications of Rising OPEC Oil Prices.” A copy is in CIA’s FOIA Electronic Reading Room. 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 829 263. Memorandum From Secretary of Energy Duncan to President Carter 1 Washington, March 6, 1980. SUBJECT Saudi Arabia Trip Report, March 1–4, 1980 I travelled to Saudi Arabia at the invitation of Sheik Zaki Yamani, Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Wealth, and held a series of discus- sions with Minister Yamani and other Saudi officials with economic and finance portfolios, including Crown Prince Fahd; Mohammed Aba Al-Khayl, Minister of Finance and National Economy; Hisham Nazer, Minister of Planning and National Economy; Ghazi al-Gosaibi, Min- ister of Industry and Electricity; Farouk Akhdar, Secretary General of the Royal Commission on Yanbu/Jubayl; and Abdel Hadi Taher, Gov- ernor of Petromin. 2 We found in Saudi Arabia a strongly held view that they were managing their oil industry responsibly and with broad international objectives in mind. They alleged that it was at some “sacrifice” that they maintained their production level at 9.5 MMB/D. It is significant to me that the economic officials with whom I spoke gave no discern- ible weight to the American national security commitment to the re- gion, as expressed in your State of the Union speech. 3 Their view seems to be that we had no option but to provide regional security. I believe, however, that ministers with military and foreign affairs responsibil- ities would take a different position, as did the Crown Prince. The dis- cussions with the Crown Prince were primarily on subjects other than energy and are summarized in a separate memorandum.
1. Excise Tax on Gasoline—We mentioned the “possibility” of a tax on gasoline that would be imposed through an import fee on crude oil 1 Source: Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Agency File, Box 8, Energy Department, 11/79–9/80. Secret. Copies were sent to Brzezinski, Vance, and Brown. Carter initialed the memorandum. 2 A summary record of Duncan’s meetings in Saudi Arabia is in telegram 63912 to Riyadh, March 10. (National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D800123– 1051) His March 4 discussion with Yamani was reported in telegram 1621 from Jidda, March 10. (Ibid., D800123–0373) A memorandum of his March 2 conversation with Prince Fahd is in the Carter Library, National Security Affairs, Brzezinski Material, Agency File, Box 8, Energy Department, 11/79–9/80. His March 3 discussion with Taher was reported in telegram 1622 from Jidda, March 10. (National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D800123–0507) 3 See footnote 4, Document 257. 365-608/428-S/80010 830 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII and allocated to gasoline through the entitlements system. Yamani in- dicated that would cause him great difficulty with other OPEC mem- bers but was supportive of the conservation objective of such a fee. Af- ter considerable discussion, it is my view, and also that of Ambassador West, that an import fee would be manageable provided that proposed legislation imposing a gasoline tax was submitted to the Congress si- multaneously with the introduction of the import fee and that it is made clear the fee would be terminated if and when legislation were enacted. 2. Strategic Petroleum Reserve—We discussed the filling of the Stra- tegic Petroleum Reserve and Yamani’s reaction was vigorously nega- tive.
4 Yamani said he was doing everything possible to create a surplus of crude oil in the world market in order to achieve both price disci- pline and pricing unity among OPEC members. 5 To add to crude oil de- mand at a time when he was trying to build a surplus was counter to this objective. It would make it difficult, if not impossible, to hold Saudi production at present levels in view of the belief of many Saudi officials that current production levels are too high. In effect, our action could defeat his program to achieve real progress at the June OPEC meeting. He raised this issue with me on three other occasions and reverted to it in his final comments to me just before my departure. He repeat- edly urged, in the strongest possible terms, that we not compromise his program at this time. He indicated in a private conversation that he would have no problem with a U.S. decision to fill the SPR after the market stabilizes and that he understood our national security need.
3. Energy Conservation—I described in some detail both the actions that we have taken and the substantial results we have already achieved. Saudi officials expressed strong and continuing interest in conservation measures, not only in the United States but also in other industrialized countries. They seem to be impressed by recent achieve- ments in the United States, against a background of skepticism con- cerning the ability of the industrial countries in general and the United States in particular to get energy demand under control. The Saudis see reduced demand for oil by the industrialized countries as a necessary complement to their own policy of high production levels in the effort to reintroduce order into the world oil market. They also see sustained conservation as necessary to avoid future “gaps” between supply and demand and consequent pressure on them to increase production to undesired levels, which they are determined to withstand. 4 See footnote 2, Document 258. 5 Next to this sentence, Carter wrote: “I agree.” 365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 831 4. Production Policy—Yamani believes that the current level of Saudi production is in excess of that warranted by Saudi revenue needs and reaffirmed the baseline Saudi production target of 8.5 MMB/D. He indicated, again privately, that he favored continuing production at 9.5 MMB/D at least through the next quarter to achieve his objective of pricing unity. We were told by Dr. Taher, Governor of Petromin, and the Chairman of ARAMCO, John Kelberer, that the Saudis are on an invest- ment course to expand their production capacity to 12 MMB/D. It is my view that this capability is a lever to discipline other OPEC produc- ers, rather than a reflection of a desire to increase actual production. 5. Continuing Dialogue—Yamani believes that a world “dialogue” on energy matters that involved many countries and a broad agenda is bound to fail. He believes constructive results can be achieved if a rela- tively few countries, using a narrow agenda, work bilaterally or in small groups for the next two years. Only then will it be possible to reach agreement in a broader international arena such as the United Nations.
6 6. Other Issues—Yamani mentioned the Civil Investigative demand issued by the Department of Justice requiring ARAMCO to provide in- formation respecting Saudi Arabian reserves, production potential, and other prospective activities. He expressed his view that these re- quests for information had no bearing on an investigation that is di- rected to past practices and are unacceptable intrusions into high confi- dential national secrets. We informed him that a team from the Justice Department would be in Saudi Arabia next week to address this issue. I am meeting with Ben Civiletti tomorrow before the team leaves. 7 Yamani also expressed concern over proposed Internal Revenue regulations “directed at ARAMCO,” that would preclude ARAMCO from realizing a tax credit against U.S. income taxes for taxes paid to Saudi Arabia. He reiterated the point made strongly to Secretary Miller that the end result of this tax action would be the dissolution of ARAMCO to the detriment of American policy. In a separate discus- sion, Mr. John Kelberer, Chairman of ARAMCO, told me that the $300 million to $1 billion in additional taxes such a regulation would re- quire would destroy ARAMCO’s utility to its American corporate stockholders. 6 In this paragraph, Carter underlined “world ‘dialogue’” and “bound to fail” and wrote in the margin: “I agree” and “good.” 7 Carter underlined “meeting with Ben Civiletti tomorrow” and wrote in the margin: “OK.” Benjamin R. Civiletti was the Attorney General. Regarding the investiga- tion, see footnote 5, Document 249. 365-608/428-S/80010 832 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII Many in the American business community and the Saudi Govern- ment raised the issue of heavy U.S. income taxes on American expa- triates, arguing that the effect of these taxes is to render American in- dustry noncompetitive with Europeans and Japanese. In the judgment of these people, shared by Ambassador West, American industry is losing billions in Saudi business as a result. 8
1. OPEC Discipline—The Saudis are exerting strong pressure and undertaking various initiatives to achieve pricing unity. Yamani thinks there is a possibility of achieving this objective at the June OPEC meet- ing if continued Saudi production of 9.5 MMB/D results in crude oil surpluses. He thinks that will happen even if Kuwait reduces produc- tion, as announced. The Saudis are also interested in achieving future stability and pre- dictability in pricing and supply. Yamani believes pricing shocks such as those that occurred in the latter part of 1979 could be avoided by having regular quarterly adjustments to compensate for inflation and to share in real economic growth. 9 Presumably, downward adjust- ments in real prices could be made during economic down-turns. Yamani did little more than float the concept and indicate he had the approval of several other OPEC countries. 2. Industrialization—The Saudis are concerned about the post-oil era and want to take actions now to plan for that inevitable transition. They are investing billions in an industrial infrastructure (e.g., ports, cities, gas distribution systems, electrical grids, and communications systems). They will be finalizing arrangements with foreign companies for huge industrial facilities in the petro-chemical area during the next several months. The Saudis mention the need for “technology transfer,” but I sus- pect they understand they are now purchasing the best foreign tech- nology available in their industrialization projects and other moderni- zation programs. 3. Less Developed Countries—The Saudis seem to have a genuine in- terest in assisting the oil importing developing countries to expand production of energy alternatives to oil. We mentioned World Bank ini- tiatives in this area and the possibility of this being on the agenda at the Venice Summit. The Saudis also seem to be willing to consider addi- tional development assistance in general but they are chary of ex- 8 Next to this paragraph, Carter wrote a question mark. 9 Carter underlined “to share in real economic growth” and wrote in the margin: “Here’s the problem.”
365-608/428-S/80010 January 1979–January 1981 833 tending direct long-term government-to-government credits to the oil importing developing countries. 4. Political Relations in the Region—Progress in Arab/Israeli peace negotiations is an overriding issue with the Saudis. The issue arises constantly, softly but resolutely. They are very concerned about Soviet moves and objectives in Afghanistan, and seem proud that the Islamic population is resisting Soviet aggression strongly.
I view the trip as successful, even though I could not gain Saudi understanding for filling the SPR now. I believe we made some head- way on this issue, particularly because they said, for the first time, that they have no objection in principle to our building up the SPR—once the market has stabilized. I also believe a comfortable relationship has been established with Yamani, in which easy, forthright, and construc- tive communication can be maintained on a regular basis. Finally, I would stress the need to preserve the confidentality of Saudi views and intentions, even though, as a consequence, there will be reverberations from the Hill and the press on the short run issues that have received prominence—the SPR and whether the Saudis are specifically commit- ted to continue production at 9.5 MMB/D. I did a press conference to- day on the trip, and I think these issues were handled satisfactorily. By preserving confidentiality, we would improve our credibility with Sau- dis and greatly improve their ability—internally and within OPEC—to come through on the more durable and important issues.
On March 14, 1980, President Jimmy Carter addressed the nation on the rapid rise in inflation and interest rates during the previous 8 weeks. After outlining what he viewed as the domestic and interna- tional causes of soaring inflation, including “the soaring prices for en- ergy throughout the world,” he announced a five-part intensive anti- inflation program, which contained these components: 1) a balanced budget for fiscal year 1981 based on expenditure cuts in personnel, op- erating, and maintenance throughout the Federal government; 2) re- straining the growth of credit by using the Credit Control Act of 1969 to authorize the Federal Reserve to impose new restraints on credit on a limited and carefully targeted basis; 3) requesting voluntary wage and price standards based on the revised pay standards of the Council on Wage and Price Standards and expanding the price and wage moni- 365-608/428-S/80010 834 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII toring activities of the Council on Wage and Price Stability; 4) asking that Congress finish work on the administration’s energy policy con- cerning the windfall profits tax, the Energy Security Corporation, and the Energy Mobilization Board, reiterating his goal to cut the nation’s oil imports by 50 percent by 1990, and also exercising Presidential authority to impose a gasoline conservation fee on imported oil amounting to 10 cents a gallon on gasoline; and 5) pressing for long- term structural economic changes that would encourage productivity, savings, and research and development based on specific recommen- dations from the Presidential commission on an agenda for the 1980s. For text of the President’s remarks, see Public Papers of the Presidents of
, pages 476–482. The Department of State sent a telegram to the Embassies in all OECD and OPEC capitals instructing Ambassadors to inform the high- est available level of the host governments of Carter’s address, particu- larly the gasoline conservation fee on imported oil. (Telegram 67332, March 14; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, P910096–1659) |
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