Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
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Kissinger 6 After its informal August 25 meeting to address the French aide-me´moire, the IEA Governing Board issued a “Secretariat note” that explained that the “delegations agreed as to the importance of resuming the dialogue promptly, and were generally of the view that the procedures outlined in the aide-me´moire for resuming the dialogue formed a ba- sis on which participating countries of the Agency could accept invitations to participate in a new preparatory meeting,” subject to a list of items it wanted clarified. (Telegram 22249 from USOECD Paris, August 29; ibid., D750300–0060) 365-608/428-S/80010 April 1975–October 1975 273 79. Telegram From the Embassy in Saudi Arabia to the Department of State 1 Jidda, August 28, 1975, 1330Z. 6009. Subject: Oil Policy. Summary: According to Oil Minister Yamani, the Saudis had de- cided to hold the line for zero price increases in the September OPEC meeting. They had even gone so far as to point out to Iranian Oil Minis- ter Amouzegar that the Saudis might even risk destruction of OPEC to prevent a price increase. In view of what the Saudis consider our “new hard line” toward them to be however, price policy is now undergoing review, and Yamani is not rpt not sure what position the Saudis will take. Although the Ambassador stressed to Yamani that arguments he had previously made about price increases had not changed, and said he knew of no “signals” of changed U.S. policy toward the Saudis, the outcome of the Saudis’ current policy review is in doubt. Any letter from President Ford or other U.S. leaders to King Khalid, Prince Fahd or Yamani should call attention to the Saudis’ public statements on oil policy and express hope that Saudis will be able to hold that line at the OPEC meeting. A tough letter on oil prices would almost certainly be counterproductive; it might tend to confirm their fears that U.S. policy toward Saudi Arabia had shifted. End summary. 1. Saudi Oil Minister Yamani told me Aug 27 that my approaches to him from April through July on oil prices had been discussed at length in the Saudi Cabinet and had finally been accepted. The Cabinet had agreed that at the OPEC meeting the end of September Saudi Ara- bia must hold the line against any price increase. 2. Prince Fahd discussed the matter with the Shah when he was there recently and with Amouzegar when the latter recently came to Saudi Arabia. 2 The Iranian position was that prices should rpt should be increased by the full 35 percent increase in cost of imports, namely $3.50. Iran, however, would be willing to “compromise” on a price increase of “only” $2.00 or $2.50. Yamani said Fahd, unfortunately, 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D750299–0620. Confidential; Immediate; Exdis. Repeated to Abu Dhabi, Algiers, Bern, Bonn, Brussels for the Embassy, USEC, and USNATO, Cairo, Caracas, Copenhagen, Doha, The Hague, Jakarta, Kuwait, Lagos, Libreville, London, Rome, Paris for the Embassy and USOECD, Tehran, Tokyo, Tripoli, Vienna, Brasilia, Kinshasa, New Delhi, and Quito. 2 Fahd was in Iran July 1–3, and Amouzegar visited Saudi Arabia during the first week of August. 365-608/428-S/80010 274 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII had been rather weak in dealing with the Shah; Fahd had urged him to reconsider his position and to adopt a lower price, but he made no threats and he gave no indication of independent Saudi action if Iran refused to move. When Amouzegar was here, however, the Saudi position was much stronger. Amouzegar was told, Yamani said, that if Iran insisted on a high price increase Saudi Arabia would sell at the lower price and increase its production markedly even if this risks a split in OPEC. Yamani will be going to Tehran this afternoon (Aug 28) or tomorrow to discuss the matter with the Iranians. 3. Yamani said it was absolutely crucial that the United States un- derstand this Saudi action was a result of the approaches I had made, and especially that the decision had been taken long before the “new hard American line” toward Saudi Arabia. We should not deceive our- selves into thinking they had yielded to pressure. There was ample evi- dence of this if we are willing to see it. He had made a statement to the Cairo press three weeks ago, which we surely had noted, on the neces- sity of keeping oil prices frozen and Prince Fahd, when in Paris, had said that oil prices had risen far enough. (Note: There had been several SRF reports on the same line.) Yamani was also quoted in Ukaz on Aug 12 as saying the Kingdom saw no justified economic reason for raising petroleum prices, and the interview published in Al
Aug 21 repeated this statement almost word for word. 4. Yamani said the situation had now changed. Assistant Secretary Enders in London at the opening of the Prepcon launched U.S. policy to “break OPEC.” 3 The Saudis chose to ignore this but our new policy, Yamani said, had clearly been formalized in my dismissal 4 and the adoption of a “new hard line” toward Saudi Arabia. Yamani said he was not rpt not now sure what position Saudi Arabia would take on oil prices. 5. I told the Minister that this matter was infinitely more important than the person of the Ambassador, that I had no idea what “signals” if any we were trying to send to the Saudis. Yamani said he had long sus- pected that some in the U.S. administration really wanted oil prices to go up. A number of the Saudis’ friends in the OECD and the oil indus- try have told him that Assistant Secretary Enders has said that the U.S. favored higher oil prices now as a means of uniting the consumers in economic or even military war against producers. Yamani knew that I had taken quite another position, that I had constantly fought, cajoled, 3 Not further identified. Prepcon I was held in Paris not London. 4 See footnote 4, Document 52. 365-608/428-S/80010 April 1975–October 1975 275 persuaded the Saudis to keep the lid on oil prices and I had been suc- cessful in persuading them to do so. He also had no doubt that this was the policy favored by the Secretary and Treasury and very likely by the President of the United States, but others, he said, seem to be playing another game. 6. I told him that I did not know if anyone were playing a game at all. My instructions had been clear, but even if there were any taking such a devious position the Saudis should not rpt not play into their hands and agree to increased oil prices. Yamani said he understood this point but we should also understand that many of the Saudi Cabinet now felt that with the “new hard line” toward Saudi Arabia, the Saudi policy on oil prices must undergo a complete review. 7. Comment: Under the circumstances, I strongly urge that any letter sent by President Ford to King Khalid or any letter from any U.S. leader to the King, the Crown Prince or the Petroleum Minister prior to the OPEC meeting call attention to the statements made by Prince Fahd in Paris
5 and by Yamani in Cairo; that the letter express the hope that Saudi Arabia will be able to hold its publicly proclaimed line on prices in the OPEC meeting. An expression of appreciation for the earlier ac- tions of Saudi Arabia in restraining oil prices would also be well re- ceived here. In no circumstances should Saudi Arabia be lumped to- gether with those countries which have publicly demanded higher oil prices.
8. The Saudis are already disturbed at what they have interpreted as a change of American policy and they are beginning to worry again about the invasion threat. If we send them a tough letter on oil prices—particularly given the fact that they had accepted the arguments I had earlier made and confirmed this by public statements—they will conclude that we are attempting to provoke them. 9. There can be no guarantee that the Saudis will not rpt not yield to OPEC pressures, particularly in face of what they interpret as an American challenge, but there seems no doubt that there is (or has been) a desire to hold the line on prices, with no increase or at most an increase of 50 cents per barrel. A word of appreciation and encouragement here would be much more effective than 5 On July 22, Fahd told Giscard that if the industrialized countries stabilized cur- rency rates, the oil producers did not plan to raise prices later in the year. (The New York Times , July 23, 1975, p. 6) 365-608/428-S/80010 276 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII any threat or hard line we could and should take with other OPEC leaders.
6 Akins 6 Referring to this telegram and others, Sober sent a personal message to Atherton in which he wrote: “I believe we must assume that the SAG is genuinely concerned that we may be beginning a process of turning away from them.” Sober added that the De- partment “should not ignore the possibility that the SAG actually intends to fight for keeping the present line on prices.” “Most importantly,” he wrote, “I believe we need to get to the Saudis as quickly as possible and in a way that can best stem their current incli- nation to read strong negative political signals into our forthcoming change of Ambassa- dors.” Sober recommended a visit to Saudi Arabia by Kissinger, so that the Royal family could “hear the word directly” concerning U.S. intentions. Finally, Sober suggested mo- difying a previously proposed letter from President Ford to King Khalid on oil prices based on Akins’s advice, “if we are to believe Yamani.” (Telegram Tosec 100281/205854 to USDel Secretary, August 28; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, P850036–2606) 80. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Iran 1 Washington, September 9, 1975, 2107Z. 214124. Subject: OPEC Oil Price Decision. 1. You are requested to deliver the following letter from President Ford to the Shah as soon as possible. 2 “Your Imperial Majesty: I wish to present for your consideration my thoughts on an issue of great importance to relations between de- veloped and developing countries, and to the economic well-being of our two countries and all the nations of the world. Since the consumer/producer preparatory meeting in Paris last April, the United States has made a major effort to re-establish a basis for dialogue and cooperation between the nations of the developing world, including those which export oil, and the industrialized nations. We have undertaken a fundamental review of our overall policy 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D750312–0062. Confidential; Immediate; Exdis. Drafted by Marion V. Creekmore (EB/ORF/FSE); cleared by Enders, Sober, and Sorenson; and approved by Kissinger. 2 Ford sent similar letters to Khalid in telegram 214123 to Jidda, September 10, and to Pe´rez in telegram 214126 to Caracas, September 9. (Both ibid., D750313–0835 and D750312–0063) 365-608/428-S/80010 April 1975–October 1975 277 toward the developing countries. This review has resulted in a new ap- proach to the producer/consumer dialogue that responds more fully to these nations’ concerns, particularly those raised by your government’s representatives and other delegations during the Paris meeting. Since Secretary Kissinger articulated the general outlines of this approach in speeches in Kansas City and Paris in May, we have made much progress in establishing the constructive understandings necessary to promote further mutually beneficial cooperation not only between our two nations but among the broader world community. Furthermore, as you know, we have made a number of important specific proposals for cooperation at the current Special Session of the United Nations Gen- eral Assembly. 3 The economic dialogue will be a centerpiece in the new evolving relationship between the industrial and developing nations. We are pleased that our efforts, and those of your government and others, have succeeded in establishing a consensus for resuming these discussions. Over the past months, we have clearly demonstrated our commitment to a constructive dialogue and our belief that its success requires each participant to recognize and take full account of the vital interests of the others. As you can appreciate, the support of the American public for the new US position must be based on an awareness of the concerns of the oil producers and other developing countries and the need to seek co- operative solutions to our common economic problems. I am con- cerned, however, that this necessary support will be jeopardized should the member countries of OPEC increase the price of oil this fall. I am also concerned that such action could raise serious questions among the American public regarding the close cooperation we seek and are actively developing with your country in several fields of our bilateral relationship. I value this relationship greatly and sincerely wish to continue to broaden and deepen it. Another oil price increase by OPEC would also have a significant negative impact on the economies of all the oil importing nations— 3 A key paragraph of Kissinger’s address before the Seventh Special Session of the UN General Assembly on September 1 (as read by Moynihan) reads: “These economic is- sues have already become the subject of mounting confrontation—embargoes, cartels, seizures, countermeasures—and bitter rhetoric. Over the remainder of this century, should this trend continue, the division of the planet between North and South, between rich and poor, could become as grim as the darkest days of the cold war. We would enter an age of festering resentment, increased resort to economic warfare, a hardening of new blocs, the undermining of cooperation, the erosion of international institutions—and failed development . . . Can we reconcile our competing goals? Can we build a better world, by conscious purpose, out of the equality and cooperation of states?” The speech is printed in Department of State Bulletin, September 22, 1975, pp. 425–441. Excerpts were published in The New York Times, September 2, 1975, p. 20.
365-608/428-S/80010 278 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII both developed and developing—at the very time that signs of prog- ress in the fight against recession and inflation are appearing. Such a price increase would impose shocks on the U.S. economy, on the more vulnerable economies of Europe and Japan, and finally on the highly fragile economies of the developing world. It would at the very least re- duce the progress toward economic recovery and could, in fact, plunge a number of countries into extremely serious difficulties. It is because I am aware, Your Majesty, of your sensitivity to the in- terdependence of the world economy and your commitment to a suc- cessful economic dialogue that I am asking you to weigh heavily the adverse effects—both psychological and real—which a price increase could have. It is my hope that you will use your considerable influence among the producing countries to urge restraint on oil prices and to argue that our long-term mutual interest in a more rational global eco- nomic structure should prevail over short-term economic advantage. Sincerely, Gerald R. Ford. His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran, Tehran.” 2. Report when delivery effected. 4
4 In his response, the Shah listed reasons why he believed an oil price increase would be justified and noted that “the tax imposed by the consuming industrialized na- tions on oil products which on average nearly equals the government take of the oil pro- ducing nations can very well be adjusted to take care of any increase in oil prices.” (Tele- gram 8946 from Tehran, September 11; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D750314–0640) Khalid replied on September 23 that Saudi Arabia was “making an effort to curb the pressures for a further increase in the price of oil,” but that it did not want “to maintain a position singlehandedly if all of the other OPEC states insist upon an increase in prices.” (Telegram 6525 from Jidda, September 23; ibid., D750330–0344) Pe´rez, in a September 23 letter to Ford, argued that an oil price rise would be justified because “inflation generated in the industrialized countries” was “constantly eating away at the purchasing power of our revenues.” (Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presiden- tial Correspondence with Foreign Leaders, Box 5, Venezuela—President Carlos A. Perez) 365-608/428-S/80010 April 1975–October 1975 279 81. Memorandum of Conversation 1 Taif, Saudi Arabia, September 11, 1975. PARTICIPANTS Zaki Yamani, Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of State James E. Akins, U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia Joseph Sisco, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Robert Hormats, Senior Staff Member, National Security Council (Notetaker) SUBJECT Oil Price Increase and the Producer-Consumer Dialogue Secretary Kissinger: I am extremely pleased to see you again. Minister Yamani: It is my pleasure, and I am glad you could visit Saudi Arabia. Secretary Kissinger: I have read of some conversations in which you indicated that you believed that the US was embarking on a policy of getting tough with Saudi Arabia. I just wanted to tell you personally that this is not our policy. If you believe everything that Joe Kraft 2 writes, you will be in very bad shape. Minister Yamani: Well, we have heard of this and are concerned. Secretary Kissinger: Let me assure you that you have nothing to be concerned about. There is absolutely no truth to this. It is certainly not our policy. I would like to discuss two other issues briefly: an oil price increase and the consumer/producer dialogue. On the issue of an oil price increase, I won’t go into the economic issues. You know these far better than I do. I am no expert. But I will comment on the political side. A price increase will be used by our op- ponents in the US—by those opponents of our policy toward the Arab World. They’ll say we are not tough enough with the Arabs knowing full well that if we get tougher the Arabs will retaliate. This would worsen the climate between the US and the Arab World and will be very harmful to our efforts to improve relations with the Arabs and to our efforts in the Middle East. The cost will outweigh any conceivable economic benefit. Minister Yamani: Sometimes we are confused. When His Highness Prince Fahd was in Tehran, the Shah told us that your view was that it was necessary to have a price increase. 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, P820123–1520. Se- cret; Nodis. The meeting took place in the King’s compound. 2 Syndicated newspaper columnist Joseph Kraft. 365-608/428-S/80010 280 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII Secretary Kissinger: It is not conceivable that that could be por- trayed as my view. Minister Yamani: Well, the US view. They said that it was your view that an increase was needed to help you increase your independ- ence. But our view is that we do not want an increase. In fact, we have sent a message to the Shah from the King against a price increase. The Shah wants a large increase of perhaps 20%, more than $2 per barrel. He thinks that OPEC might compromise at about 15%, and he would go along with this. The Shah is the one who wants an increase. We in Saudi Arabia do not and have said so. But you must convince the Shah. Secretary Kissinger: If the price of oil goes up it will lead to mas- sive political problems for our efforts in the Middle East. It would also have enormous economic consequences which you know. Minister Yamani: We know your views. We are not in the forefront of those who want a price increase. That is not our traditional position. But your views should be told to other OPEC countries who feel differently. Secretary Kissinger: When I return, the President will send a mes- sage to the Shah so he can be under no misconception about our atti- tude on this. Minister Yamani: We will, of course, be talking to other OPEC countries as well. But you must understand that we really do not know what to make of what we read about the US tough line. This obviously has influence on our position. Secretary Kissinger: I can assure you there is no tough line. It is pure newspaper idle speculation. There is no truth to it. I give you my personal assurance. With respect to the consumer/producer conference, it is coming out along the lines you and I discussed. You must accept total victory. Minister Yamani: What? Secretary Kissinger: Yes, total victory. This is very much, almost exactly, what you wanted. Minister Yamani: We have worked hard on this. Secretary Kissinger: You played a very constructive role. When I think back, we are very close to what you and I discussed. 3 Minister Yamani: There seem to be some issues not yet agreed. Secretary Kissinger: Do you think that Saudi Arabia and the US can discuss how we can proceed in these meetings. We need to coordi- nate closely in our mutual interest. Minister Yamani: Yes, but we have many differences, too. 3 See Document 55. 365-608/428-S/80010 April 1975–October 1975 281 Secretary Kissinger: Yes, but we have many areas of agreement. These outweigh any differences. And I am not aware of major differences. Minister Yamani: Well, I think we can work closely. Secretary Kissinger: Chuck Robinson will be in touch with you. He is working closely on this. Of course, you are always welcome to be in touch with me. Minister Yamani: I might be in Washington in the first half of Sep- tember, but only for four or five days. Secretary Kissinger: Let me know when you will be there. Maybe we can have lunch or tea or something. I would very much welcome visiting with you again. Minister Yamani: It is very nice to see you here in Taif, and I look forward to seeing you again in Washington. Secretary Kissinger: It is important that we work closely together, and I will welcome your visit. Download 8.4 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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