Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State
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104. Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Resources and Food Policy (Bosworth) to Robert Hormats of the National Security Council Staff 1 Washington, September 29, 1976. SUBJECT First Draft of Expanded NSSM/CIEPSM 237 on US International Energy Policy Attached is the new first draft of the expanded NSSM 237 on inter- national energy policy. 2 The NSSM follows closely the outline agreed to at the interagency working group meeting following consideration of the earlier NSSM by the meeting of principals chaired by Frank Zarb and the subsequent meeting of Under Secretary Rogers and his inter- agency counterparts. 3 We believe that this expanded NSSM answers all the questions raised in these meetings and fulfills the requirement that the NSSM be comprehensive in nature. During the writing of individual chapters, there have been some suggestions to reorder the structure of the NSSM. We think the current structure is the most logical way to present all of the arguments in a comprehensive manner, as requested by principals. However, at our meeting next week, one of the matters we should discuss is whether this structure or some other would be more appropriate. As now written, the NSSM is structured in two major parts. The first part (Chapters I–X) analyzes the various issues and describes measures that might be appropriate to address the issues. The second part discusses three comprehensive energy strategies and policy op- tions to implement the strategies, and requests decisions by principals. A brief description of the individual chapters follows. The intro- ductory chapter (I) sets the stage by indicating our level of dependence and demonstrating that OPEC market power did not result solely from the ’73 embargo, but was a phenomenon that had been growing since 1970. This is relevant in answering the question of what we can or can- not do to manipulate future OPEC decisions. The collective vulnerabil- ity chapter (II) defines the context for our consideration of all other as- pects of the NSSM. The price/supply chapter (III) uses econometric and judgmental models to establish the parameters of future produc- 1 Source: Ford Library, National Security Council, Institutional Files, Box 41, NSSM 237—U.S. International Energy Policy (2). Secret. Drafted by Creekmore on September 29. Also sent to the other members of the interagency working group drafting the NSSM 237 study. NSSM 237 is Document 93. 2 Attached but not printed. 3 No records of these meetings have been found. See Document 99 and footnote 4 thereto.
365-608/428-S/80010 368 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII tion and pricing possibilities. Though the numbers generated by these two models are not the same, the general thrust of both is that we prob- ably face increasing real prices between now and 1985. Chapter IV (Em- bargo Vulnerability) analyzes the possibilities for new politically- inspired supply disruptions and describes measures that might be taken to reduce the impact of such disruptions. Chapters V–X concen- trate on the long-term global energy balance and in this connection look separately at our domestic policy (V), our policy toward other con- sumers in the IEA (VI), our policies toward OPEC (VII), the role of the international oil companies (VIII), our policies toward the non-oil LDCs (IX), and the role of CIEC in our overall energy policy (X). The final chapter pulls together the pertinent analyses of the earlier chapters and poses for decision by principals three comprehensive strategies, and policy options to accomplish them, that the nation can follow in the next 10–15 years. The first of these strategies is driven by a more vigorous domestic energy program than has thus far been adopted. Adoption of this strategy, however, requires a realistic con- viction on the part of the policy-makers that such a domestic program is really feasible. A number of initiatives in other areas flow from the decision on the domestic program. The second comprehensive strategy involves recognition that we will not get a stronger domestic program than measures already adopted and that we will become more dependent on imports. It, there- fore, concentrates on (1) trying to ensure adequate global production levels in the future and (2) increasing our protective measures against politically-inspired supply disruptions. The third strategy recognizes our current inability to get stronger domestic energy measures than we now have but relies on production and pricing decisions by OPEC (restricted production, higher prices) to force us gradually to take actions for which we do not have the political will at present. Selection of this option would make it unwise for us to seek special arrangements on production or pricing with the Saudis and other producers. We would instead go through the motions to pro- test price increases but not really push the producers on this. I would like us to meet on Monday at 3:00 pm in Room 1205 at New State to discuss this first draft of the NSSM. 4 At this meeting, I would hope to evaluate the first draft along two lines: (1) Have all the substantive issues been appropriately addressed? (2) Is the current structure acceptable or should it be modified? Once these decisions are made, we can focus on language modifications that may be needed to make the presentation of the substance more precise and digestible. 4 No record of this meeting has been found. 365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 369 105. Telegram From the Department of State to Selected Diplomatic Posts 1 Washington, October 27, 1976, 1846Z. 264714. Subject: IEA: US Position on Reduced Dependence Objec- tives Proposal. Ref: State 263497. 2 Brussels pass to Davignon. 1. All addressees should seek earliest possible opportunity to convey following text of message on US reduced import dependency proposal 3 from Assistant Secretary Katz to host government officials concerned with IEA matters, and report reactions by return cable ASAP. You should inform host governments that Mr. Katz will head US delegation to November 8–9 GB meeting. 2. For Bonn: FRG position will be crucial in developing IEA sup- port for reduced dependency concept. You should ensure, therefore, that text is delivered to both Rohwedder and Hermes and report their personal reactions soonest to position outlined. 3. For London, Tokyo, Ottawa, and Oslo: Host governments in your capitals have all expressed significant reservation about one or more major elements of reduced dependency proposal. You should therefore ensure text is delivered to highest appropriate level con- cerned with international energy policy making and IEA. (Note: For To- kyo: We have already discussed text with Kinoshita (MITI and Karita (Gaimusho) at CIEC meeting in Paris.) 4. Begin text: At its meeting on November 8–9, the Governing Board is scheduled to take a formal decision on the process and time- table for establishing objectives for the reduction of IEA dependence on imported oil. The United States considers this decision, and the 1 Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D760401–0400. Confidential; Immediate. Drafted by Raicht; cleared by Bosworth and in EUR/RPE, the Treasury Department, and FEA; and approved by Katz. Sent to Ankara, Athens, Bern, Bonn, Brussels for the Embassy and USEC, Copenhagen, Dublin, London, Luxembourg, Madrid, Oslo, Ottawa, USOECD Paris, Rome, Stockholm, The Hague, Tokyo, Vienna, and Wellington. Repeated to the Embassy in Paris. 2 Telegram 263497 to the same addressees, October 23, transmitted the text of an issues or “process” paper prepared by the Standing Group on Long-Term Cooperation “bringing together energy demand and supply projections as submitted by countries for the conservation and accelerated development review process.” (Ibid., D760398–0790) 3 See footnote 2, Document 100. At a restricted IEA meeting on September 8, Bos- worth proposed establishing individual national objectives for reduced dependence. Telegram 26657 from USOECD Paris, September 13, transmitted a summary of the meet- ing. (National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D76345–0436)
365-608/428-S/80010 370 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII process it will launch, to be of fundamental importance to the viability and future effectiveness of industrialized country cooperation in energy. The updated version of the OECD’s Long-Term Energy Assess- ment, and similar studies by other sources, project a total world de- mand for OPEC oil in 1985 of at least 40 MMBD, on the basis of the en- ergy policies now in place in our countries and relatively conservative assumptions for our economic growth. In the US view, the degree of vulnerability to unilateral oil price increases and threats of supply interruptions which such dependency would entail is clearly unacceptable. There are, of course, several reasons why industrialized country consumption will probably never reach these projected levels. First, it is very doubtful that OPEC would be willing, or able, to produce that much oil by 1985: OPEC surplus production capacity has declined and, while a few countries, most notably Saudi Arabia, have the potential to increase capacity to meet the projected demand, we cannot assume they will choose to do so, particularly since, as they have stated repeat- edly, their revenues at present production levels far exceed even their projected future financial requirements. Of more immediate significance, however, is the fact that as our demand for OPEC oil increases during the short term future, the real price of oil will almost certainly increase either as a result of OPEC’s monopolistic exploitation of our vulnerability, or simply because of the operation of traditional market forces. Whichever the reason, if present trends continue, the resulting higher costs for energy within our econo- mies will have a significant adverse impact on economic growth. As a result, our actual demand for oil over the medium and long-term prob- ably will be held to levels considerably lower than projected. But there is little cause for comfort in such an assessment when we consider the economic costs to our societies, and to the world economy generally, of such a reduced growth scenario. There is, however, an alternative to this profoundly worrying fore- cast for the future: An alternative which hopefully will ensure a con- tinued satisfactory increase in our economic growth, while at the same time avoiding the dangers of the “boom-and-bust” energy use patterns just described. But this will come about only if we act quickly to im- prove the efficiency of our energy consumption and develop our own sources of energy so as to bring about a more acceptable long-term global balance of supply and demand for energy. Current studies indi- cate that the implementation of a series of more vigorous energy pol- icies could reduce the demand of the OECD countries for imported oil in 1985 by as much as one third. Whether or not a swing of this magni- tude in our requirements for imported oil would be feasible cannot, at 365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 371 this point, be determined. However, it is essential that we begin now to determine: —how much of a change in our combined requirements for im- ported oil is both possible and practical, given essential economic, so- cial and other goals; and —how individual IEA countries, operating within our cooperative framework and taking account of individual economic and social goals and diverse levels of resource endowment and patterns of energy use, can contribute to this shift in the global energy balance. Bearing in mind the preliminary discussions on this subject which have already taken place in the IEA, the US believes several key points concerning issues and procedures have emerged which should be en- dorsed by the Governing Board at its next meeting: —First, it is clear that each individual country must retain sole con- trol over its own energy decisions: An exercise in which supranational decisions are imposed on governments is not envisioned. However, the assessment of the current and potential performance of individual countries must be a mutual one. This is a further step towards the nec- essary interlocking (although not the integration) of our national en- ergy programs. In the end, we must each be satisfied that the accep- tance of responsibility for contributing to the desired shift in our collective energy balance reflects equitable sharing of costs and benefits. —Second, we need a quantitative group objective for reduced de- pendency, supported by individual country acceptance of responsi- bility for meeting their fair share of that objective, including the con- crete policy measures that will be required. For its part, the US could itself envision accepting a quantified national reduced dependency ob- jective expressed in terms of millions of barrels of imported oil by 1985. Other countries may choose to express their share of responsibility for meeting the group’s target in a different manner. Regardless of the spe- cific method chosen, however, it should provide a quantifiable stand- ard against which individual country performance can be measured. The sum of all of these individual national commitments, when ex- pressed in terms of quantified impact on oil consumption for the group, should be able to be described in terms of a projected import depend- ency objective for the group as a whole. —Third, national commitments to these objectives must be cred- ible, and of a roughly parallel nature. This is a difficult issue in view of the differences among our various governmental systems. The US would envision a process of political undertakings, not legally binding commitments. However, we have already begun the process of con- sulting with the US Congress concerning the establishment of the US
365-608/428-S/80010 372 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII national objective within the IEA in order to help ensure that the goal chosen is a national goal, with Congressional support for the concom- itant policy measures required to reach it. The review of national per- formance through the IEA’s annual review procedures would ensure that there is parallelism in the carrying out of such national commitments. —And fourth, the establishment of these objectives and their reg- ular review in terms of actual performance must take place at the policymaking, not the technical, level within the IEA and national governments themselves. Therefore, we believe that while initial devel- opment of these objectives would be done at Governing Board levels, their formal establishment and the ultimate enunciation of the political commitments underlying them should take place at the Ministerial level.
The US believes that the “process” paper circulated recently by the SLT Chairman is generally consonant with the US position outlined above. We would agree, however, with the statement by Chairman Davignon at the last Governing Board meeting (GB (76) 38 Add.1) 4 that “although the evaluation of government measures is always a dif- ficult exercise, such evaluation and the development of yardsticks are unavoidable.” The US believes such yardsticks must be quantitative in nature and that the “process” adopted by the IEA should make this clear. We therefore believe an additional step should be inserted between steps B and C of the present draft to read as follows:
“Countries may choose to express their share of responsibility for meeting the group target in different ways. Regardless of the specific method chosen, however, it should provide a quantifiable standard against which individual country performance can be measured. The sum of all of these individual national commitments, when expressed in terms of quantified impact on oil consumption for the group, should be able to be described in terms of a projected import dependency ob- jective for the group as a whole.” With this amendment, the US believes the “process” paper could serve as an appropriate basis for the development of an agreed IEA process for the establishment of reduced dependency objectives. We strongly believe, therefore, that the Governing Board, at its November 8–9 meeting, should reach agreement along these lines, and that the process described in the SLT Chairman’s note for the articulation of the 4 The text of Davignon’s statement was transmitted in telegram 31468 from USOECD Paris, October 25. (Ibid.) 365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 373 reduced dependency objectives should begin promptly thereafter. End
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5 According to telegram 33425 from USOECD Paris, November 10, the IEA Gov- erning Board “took important step November 9 and adopted satisfactory decision to ini- tiate process for establishing reduced dependence objectives by 1985 for IEA, as pro- posed by Secretary Kissinger during last OECD Ministerial,” despite “efforts by some delegations (particularly UK) to weaken exercise.” (Ibid.) 106. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft) to President Ford 1 Washington, October 28, 1976. SUBJECT Possible Oil Price Increase: Letters to Key OPEC Leaders We have been receiving increasing indications [less than 1 line not
] through public statements of officials of various OPEC countries, that a decision to increase the price of oil may be taken at the meeting of OPEC Petroleum Ministers in December. It is important that you make known to key OPEC leaders, force- fully and unequivocally, your opposition to any such price increase. It would have serious and perhaps even catastrophic effects in both de- veloped and developing countries. —In the case of the developed countries, an increase would have a significant inflationary and recessionary impact. Our analysis indicates that a 15 percent increase in oil prices would cost the developed coun- tries $15 billion directly and $32 billion in reduced GNP. Even in coun- tries where economic recovery is well underway, its continuation is by no means assured. In other developed countries, the recovery remains fragile and uneven, while in still others it has scarcely begun. The criti- cal balance of payments difficulties of Italy and the United Kingdom would of course be made significantly more severe, with consequent 1 Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Subject File, Box 5, Energy (17). Secret. Sent for action. A stamped notation on the first page reads: “The Pres- ident has seen.” 365-608/428-S/80010 374 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII additional strain on the economic and political stability of those countries. —In the case of the oil-importing developing countries, the cost would be $3.5–$4 billion, roughly half in direct costs and the other half from oil-related increases in import prices. Some of the healthier econ- omies have been able to begin to adjust to the quadrupling of oil prices since 1973, and are also feeling the positive effects of increased eco- nomic activity in the developed countries. Other developing countries, however, remain in desperate financial straits and are politically un- able to further curtail their imports. Their increased oil bills represent a direct burden on the already strained international financial system. The attached letters to the Shah of Iran, King Khalid of Saudi Arabia, and President Perez of Venezuela 2 point out how disruptive a price increase would be, both politically and economically, and also rebut the argument that a price increase is necessary to offset the in- creased price of OPEC imports from the developed countries. The let- ters are somewhat firmer in tone than your previous communications on this subject, 3 as is appropriate given the apparent willingness of the oil producers to continue to maximize their short-term income at the expense of the global community. The letters also point out that an in- crease would negatively affect the images of the producers in this coun- try at a critical time. Saudi Arabia’s position on oil prices has been consistently more moderate and responsible than that of the other oil producers. They singlehandedly blocked the last attempt at increase by walking out of the Bali OPEC meeting. We have recently had indications, including your recent conversation with Prince Saud, 4 that the Saudis remain concerned about the effects of a price increase but need our help in re- ducing pressure on them from other oil producers. Your letter to King Khalid reflects this distinction. It also reassures those Saudis who re- portedly believe we are not sufficiently appreciative of what they have done to date in holding the line on price increase. I have requested development of an overall strategy paper on this issue, 5
will report to you separately on the recommendations of this strategy paper.
2 See Document 110. 3 See Document 80. 4 See footnote 6, Document 103. 5 The strategy paper, “Policy Actions to Attempt to Influence the Saudis to Hold Price Line in December OPEC Meeting,” is attached to an October 25 memorandum from Executive Secretary of the Department of State C. Arthur Borg to Scowcroft. (Ford Li- brary, National Security Adviser, Presidential Subject File, Box 5, Energy (17))
365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 375 Recommendation: That you approve the letters to the Shah of Iran, King Khalid of Saudi Arabia, and President Perez of Venezuela, which are attached at Tab A. If the letters are satisfactory, I propose dispatching them by cable and following up with originals which you can sign on your re- turn to Washington. (Secretary Kissinger, Alan Greenspan and Clem- ent Malin of FEA concur) 6 6 Ford approved the recommendation. The Department sent instructions to Ambas- sadors in OPEC capitals—not including Jidda, Caracas, and Tehran—to “make early ap- proach at highest available level to host governments to convey our concerns over the im- pact of a further oil price increase.” (Telegram 279392, November 12; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D760424–0298) The Department also sent guidance to all diplomatic posts “for use in any conversations with host government officials in which the December OPEC price decision is raised.” (Telegram 278391, November 11; ibid.) Kissinger also sent a personal message regarding U.S. concerns about an oil price rise to the Foreign Ministers of Brazil, Peru, India, Sri Lanka, Yugoslavia, Congo, and Zambia. (Telegram 281096, November 16; ibid., D760426–0833) Download 8.4 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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