Foreign relations of the united states 1969–1976 volume XXXVII energy crisis, 1974–1980 department of state washington
Letter From President Ford to Venezuelan President Pe´rez
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- Gerald R. Ford
- 111. Memorandum of Conversation
- 112. Memorandum of Conversation
110. Letter From President Ford to Venezuelan President Pe´rez 1 Washington, November 9, 1976. Dear Mr. President: The decision last May of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries not to increase the price of oil 2 was a responsible action which has contributed to the process of global economic recovery. In the spirit of our countries’ close relationship, however, I wish to bring to your attention my deep concern about reports that Venezuela may seek an increase in the price of oil at the December OPEC meeting, and to urge you to bring your country’s considerable influence to bear in- stead to oppose an increase, which would have harmful effects on world inflation and recovery, the plight of the developing countries, and international economic cooperation. The oil exporting countries have already made substantial gains in purchasing power as a result of economic recovery and greater de- 1 Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Correspondence with Foreign Leaders, Box 5, Venezuela—President Carlos A. Pe´rez. Secret. Similar letters were sent to King Khalid and the Shah on October 29. (Both ibid., NSC Interna- tional Economic Affairs Staff: Convenience Files, Box 5, OPEC (1)) Telegram 275886 to Caracas, November 9, instructed the Ambassador to inform either the President or the Foreign Minister that similar “de´marches” were being made to Saudi Arabia and Iran. (National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, P840105–0533) 2 See footnote 2, Document 98. 365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 387 mand for oil in the oil-importing countries. OPEC nations will earn $125 billion this year from their oil exports, about 20 percent more than in 1975, and more than 400 percent above what they earned in 1973 on a similar volume of oil exports. In this regard, I understand that the mar- keting difficulties confronted by Venezuela earlier this year have eased, at least in part because of the modifications made by my Government in our domestic oil entitlements program. It is unfortunate that Vene- zuela appears to have responded to this strengthened market position by implementing a unilateral price increase, during a period in which OPEC had decided not to increase the prices. A further oil price increase would generate inflationary pressures which are not in any nation’s interest. Currently the industrialized countries are making dramatic progress in controlling inflation through major policy actions, with the average rate of inflation for major countries falling to half its 1974 rate. Our analysis of the composi- tion of exports from the major industrialized countries to the oil pro- ducers indicates that the prices of these goods have risen only by 30 percent since mid-1973, and by only 4 percent over the past year. Prices of our largest export—grain—have actually fallen by $50 a ton in the last year. But the industrialized countries alone cannot solve the problem of inflation. Oil-producing countries too have a responsibility to control world inflation. I am also concerned that an increase in the price of oil could under- mine the fragile economic recovery and the already weak balance of payments situation in both developing and industrialized countries. The oil bill of the oil-importing developing countries has quadrupled from $2 billion in 1973 to $13 billion this year. Some of these developing countries are just beginning to regain a more satisfactory rate of growth and to reduce their trade deficits as demand for their exports has in- creased and they have begun to adjust to the burden of higher oil prices. Many of the poorer developing countries, however, continue to experience desperate balance of payments difficulties and, as a result, wholly unsatisfactory prospects for economic growth. Among the in- dustrialized countries, there are several which have not yet begun to re- cover from the severe economic recession of 1974–1975 and continue to experience large balance of payments deficits; a number have virtually exhausted their ability to borrow. Even in the United States, where re- cent economic activity has been more vigorous, the recovery has slowed. My deep concern, therefore, is that the possibility of truly global economic recovery which we are seeing will be threatened by the slowdown in growth and the adverse inflationary and balance of payments effects of a new increase in the price of oil. All countries have a vital interest in the maintenance and strengthening of the global re- covery and the increase in international trade which will accompany it. 365-608/428-S/80010 388 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII Finally, I am concerned that a new increase in oil prices could prej- udice the creative and constructive process of dialogue among devel- oped and developing countries to which your government and you yourself have made a major contribution. I am also committed to that process. I have taken a number of decisions to ensure a positive United States approach to the problems of the developing world. This year the United States will provide more funds for economic assistance than in any year since our post-war Marshall Plan, more aid than any other country in the world. I also have committed my Government to give se- rious consideration to a number of other new approaches to the problems of the developing countries. I am working to maintain sup- port for constructive policies toward the developing world. I believe that further progress in a number of areas of the North-South relation- ship, including the official development assistance made available to the developing world, should be possible in the coming months. In par- ticular, I am optimistic that the Conference on International Economic Cooperation, which is scheduled to meet at the ministerial level in mid-December, can achieve positive and concrete results beneficial to developed and developing countries. But the international structure which both you and I wish to build must be based on due regard for the impact of individual national decisions on the rest of the world. Actions which appear to overlook this impact seriously undermine domestic support in this country for a constructive approach to the problems of the developing world. I hope, therefore, that when you have given full consideration to all the implications of the oil price question, the significant influence of Venezuela and your personal stature and international leadership will contribute to a decision by the oil-exporting countries as responsible as that of May and that there will be no new price increase. 3 Sincerely, Gerald R. Ford 3 In his November 20 reply, Pe´rez wrote that it was “not just to persist in attributing the problems of the world economy, especially inflation, to the Organization of Petro- leum Exporting Countries.” (National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files) King Khalid wrote to Ford that Saudi Arabia would “continue to play a role to withstand moves” toward raising oil prices,” as it always had, but that it could not “impose its will upon all of the (OPEC) members.” (Telegram 7452 from Jidda, November 14; Ford Li- brary, National Security Adviser, Presidential Country Files for the Middle East and South Asia, Box 29, Saudi Arabia—State Department Telegrams to SECSTATE–NODIS (15)) The Shah replied that if oil was “sold cheaply,” no “alternative source of energy” would be developed and “the world dependence on the rapidly depleting supplies of oil” would continue to increase. (Telegram 277569 to Tehran, November 11; National Ar- chives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D760421–0054)
365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 389 111. Memorandum of Conversation 1 Washington, November 29, 1976, 9:58–10:37 a.m. PARTICIPANTS President Ford Amb. Ali Alireza, Saudi Ambassador to the United States Brent Scowcroft, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs President: It’s not very pleasant weather. Alireza: I rather like it. We are deprived of rain in Saudi Arabia so I appreciate it. President: First, I appreciate your delaying your trip to meet with me. I wanted to consult with you about an issue that is of importance to us all. It’s not a partisan political issue in this country but a problem of general concern. When Governor Carter was here 2 we discussed it and we are in general agreement on the problem of oil prices. You were here when I had that good talk with Prince Saud last Fall, 3
We have been communicating with other governments on this issue
4 and will continue to do so. I am gravely concerned about the world economic situation and the possible impact of an increase in oil prices. I noticed that President Perez visited Moscow where it was an- nounced there was a friendship agreement and that Soviet leaders would visit Venezuela. I am deeply worried about the economic situa- tion both in the more industrial states and in the less developed coun- tries, which are very vulnerable. In Portugal we have been working hard to get a moderate government operating and eliminate Commu- nist influence. A deterioration in this economic situation could reverse the progress we have made. In Italy also there are grave economic problems, which if the present government can’t solve, it will undoubt- edly bring Communists into the government. Great Britain is now trying to negotiate an IMF loan to stabilize its currency. While it is not directly related, the Australians have just devalued. . . . 1 Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Memoranda of Conversations, Box 21. Secret; Nodis. The meeting was held in the Oval Office. Brackets are in the orig- inal. Ford met again with Alireza on December 14 to discuss OPEC’s consideration of an oil price rise at its Doha meeting scheduled for December 15. (Ibid.) 2 Ford met with President-elect Jimmy Carter in the Oval Office from 3:40 to 4:44 p.m. on November 22. (Ibid., White House Office Files, President’s Daily Diary) 3 See footnote 6, Document 103. 4 See footnote 6, Document 106 and Document 110. 365-608/428-S/80010 390 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII I think our two countries have been working together against the expansion of Soviet and Communist influence and I wanted to talk about what we might be able to do in this situation. I don’t need to tell you my feelings for Saudi Arabia over the many years. I have fought hard for Saudi Arabia and supported the closest of relations between us. I fought against irresponsible actions on the boy- cott on the part of the Congress. I will continue to do so because our aims and objectives are identical. I will continue to do so even after I leave office. But it is difficult when the American people see a price in- crease which does such damage around the world. I want to help, but when my economists tell me of the jeopardy a price increase could put the world economy recovery in, I want to work with you to deal with this problem. Soviet influence in the Middle East has been much reduced, but a change in attitude in the United States could also jeopardize that. We want to continue working for peace in the Middle East, but any sharp action by OPEC will make it harder to move toward peace. I know it is a very difficult problem for the King and I know he is working toward our common goal, but I hope you will communicate to him my deep concern about the economic and political difficulties we face. Again, I am sorry I had to delay your trip. Alireza: Mr. President, it is always a privilege to be able to meet with you and convey your views to my King. My government has spent about 10 percent of its wealth in helping other countries around the world. Prince Saud has told me to tell you that we are still doing everything we can, but one thing has changed— demand has now outrun supply. But the problem is political not eco- nomic. We will do everything we can without breaking OPEC. But if you could bring pressure on other members it would be helpful. If through your good office you can persuade other producers . . . President: I plan to meet with others of your colleagues. 5 Alireza: Tomorrow the pilgrimage begins and the King plans to meet at Mecca to discuss this issue. As far as Great Britain, Italy, and the other countries you men- tioned are concerned, we have done what we could through loans and other measures. President: You have been very responsible. Alireza: As far as the Communists and the Soviet Union are con- cerned, you know our position and I need not repeat it. We greatly ap- preciate your fight on the Maverick and the boycott with the Congress. 5 Ford discussed his concerns about an oil price increase with the Venezuelan Am- bassador on December 1. (Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Memoranda of Con- versations, Box 21) 365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 391 President: I have spoken with my successor on this and urged that he oppose further legislation. Notwithstanding his campaign rhetoric, he indicated his position would be responsible. Alireza: Secretary Kissinger has spoken with me and Ambassador Zahedi, and Deputy Secretary Robinson spoke to me. We understand your message. But again I would urge your intervention with other producers. President: We shall do so. We have the prospect of a substantial world economic recovery right now, but it is very fragile in a number of areas and I am afraid it could be destroyed. Alireza: We have been hit hard by inflation in industrial prices. President: I agree. But we are making progress in that regard, but it takes time. I also appreciate your responsible leadership on Lebanon, such as at the Riyadh conference. I think there is real progress now, thanks to your leadership. Alireza: I hope you can restrain the neighbor to the south. Without the Syrian troops in the area, the guerrillas will have free rein. President: We are working with the Israelis on that point and I am hopeful that the Lebanese situation can be resolved. Alireza: We are grateful for your leadership over your term of of- fice. As you know, the Saud family has for years led the fight against Communism. We are fortunate to have them leading our country. [More discussion on these lines.] President: We are very grateful for that leadership. I will impress on my successor the importance of our two countries working together for our common objectives. Alireza: You are not only head of the United States, but the leader of one of the two great powers in the world. We look to you to lead us in the fight against radicalism and leftist influence. President: Please convey my greetings to King Khalid. Please as- sure him of my warm regards and my hope that we can continue to work together to meet these problems. 6 6
price of oil, we appreciate Your Excellency’s clarification, and undoubtedly you appre- ciate the efforts which the Kingdom made to freeze the price of oil for 15 months; we defi- nitely wanted to prolong this period at the coming meeting of OPEC. However, the in- creasing demand for oil has led to a rise in its price.” Khalid explained that the real price of oil had risen 5 percent above its posted price and that “the consumer in Europe and America and Japan, moreover, is paying this price, while the oil companies are benefiting from the differential.” Khalid concluded by assuring Ford that Saudi Arabia would “con- tinue its efforts with its friends in OPEC to lighten the burden, and to arrive at the lowest increase (in the price of oil) that is reasonable and acceptable.” (Telegram 7941 from Jidda, December 9; National Archives, RG 59, Central Foreign Policy Files, D760455– 0563)
365-608/428-S/80010 392 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII Alireza: It is never an imposition for me to discuss with you on be- half of my government. I am always at your disposal. President: I hope you have a good trip. I think the new Mexican President is a good man. I met with him last September. Alireza: Their currency is in trouble right now. President: They have problems but I think with half a chance the new President will do well. [The conversation ended.] 112. Memorandum of Conversation 1 Washington, December 7, 1976, 10–11:23 a.m.. PARTICIPANTS President Ford Amb. Ardeshir Zahedi, Ambassador of Iran Brent Scowcroft, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Alan Greenspan, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors [There is a brief discussion of the weather here and in Iran, hydro-electric projects in Iran, the Helmand River project. etc.] The President: Let me extend to the Shah my personal regards. I have great personal regard and affection for him. I hope that in the fu- ture years the close relations we have between our two countries will continue. There is a strong feeling in the United States for the Shah and Iran.
But I want to talk about an issue which troubles me—the Doha meeting
2 and a possible oil price increase. I have read the Shah’s letter 3 very carefully. I both agree and disagree with it. I agree wholeheartedly with his points about conservation. The industrial world has not done enough, and it is essential. I have proposed a conservation plan which the Congress has not yet accepted. We are searching and we need to do more with respect to alternate sources of energy. I do disagree with him 1 Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Memoranda of Conversations, Box 21. Secret; Nodis. The meeting was held in the Oval Office. Brackets are in the original. 2 The meeting of OPEC Oil Ministers was held in Doha December 15–17. See Docu- ment 113. 3 See footnote 3, Document 110. 365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 393 on the issue of oil price and its relation to industrial prices. These are honest differences between friends. But let me talk about the impact that an increase will have. There is unanimity among my advisers that the world economic health is not good. Any increase in the price of oil would have a serious impact on the world financial structure. Its precise impact is hard to predict accurately. An increase would also have a serious impact on our capability to help the developing countries. If economic conditions here don’t im- prove, the American people will ask how they can continue helping the developing world when we have such serious difficulties at home. If our economic situation improves—I am an optimist, but we do have this pause, which I feel will be resolved in the direction of stable growth—we will be able to continue and expand our efforts toward North-South cooperation. The other industrial countries are lagging be- hind now the United States, and the resources for North-South cooper- ation simply wouldn’t be available if economic progress halted. I am a strong supporter of the Shah. I think he has done great things for his country and is a strong force for moderation and stability in the Middle East. I spoke out publicly during the campaign in support of the Shah. I want to continue my participation in public affairs after I leave. I want to continue my support of Iran—I would like to visit there at some time. It would help me greatly in my efforts if the Shah could exercise a moderating influence in the OPEC meeting. I understand his position and I agree with part of his position. But we have to look at it in a broader perspective now and I think an increase would have a seri- ous impact on the world economic structure. Zahedi: It is a great honor for me to meet with you, Mr. President. I want you to know how greatly you are admired by the Shah and by my people. I say that from the heart on his behalf and my behalf. I don’t want to take your time, but two years ago when prices were going up I talked to Secretary Kissinger and Secretary Simon and would have gone to the area right then and would have helped. But the past is past. Again, the meetings on the North-South dialogue have not gone well. There are people in this government who are not sympathetic. Then under President Johnson and early in the Nixon Administration, when I was Foreign Minister, we proposed that oil resources be set aside to buy industrial equipment on a swap basis. The Congress ob- jected to that too and it never came to fruition. The decision on holding this meeting in December was accidental, based on a number of countries’ budgets. But I have been talking to other Ambassadors about postponing the meeting. I talked with His Imperial Majesty about it, but it is almost impossible. Had I known of 365-608/428-S/80010 394 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII your letter to His Imperial Majesty, I would have urged that it be held earlier or not at all. The timing was not good. The Shah told me how much respect he has for you and he would like to do whatever he could. But he said he could not propose a change of date for the meeting but would accept it if others do. On the question of price, he said it is inevitable there would be an increase but he proposed that it be a moderate one. Our industrial import costs are going up rapidly. The price of services has risen tre- mendously. The price per month has gone up from $3–4,000 to $12,000–16,000. But we do understand the problem, and we have been thinking of only a 10 percent increase. We thought about setting aside 10 percent of each barrel to help the needy countries. This failed, and we compro- mised on $600 million of which we—the Arabs—gave 40 percent. Again, on the agricultural fund, we have contributed about $400 mil- lion and the developed countries haven’t done too well. Then bilater- ally we have set aside about 7 percent of our Gross National Product to help the developing world and our neighbors. [He listed some who are being helpful.] We do understand the problem. The recommendations for the pro- posed increase range from Algeria who is proposing 40 percent—that would be irresponsible—to Saudi Arabia which publicly says 5 percent but they are trying to be the white knight. There will be an increase. What would be moderate? The President: The only way we can reassure the world economy is to have no increase. Zahedi: That is not possible. The President: I am telling you the facts. Any increase would jeop- ardize the economy and no increase would be a shot in the arm. The next best would be a delay. Is that possible? Zahedi: Now, it is almost impossible. If it were done early in the fall—when Secretary Kissinger and I were joking about it—if you had asked for March, it would have been easy. But Secretary Kissinger said wait until after the election. I know how you spoke up for Iran and the Shah is deeply grateful. I don’t believe any of the OPEC countries would agree to a delay be- cause it would look like they were forced to. The President: That’s why I asked you to come in quietly. I want to have no confrontation, and that is why this meeting is private. You say a delay or no increase is out of the question. Start with the Nigerian 40 percent. That would be catastrophic. Zahedi: Most of them are talking of 20–25 percent. 365-608/428-S/80010 October 1975–January 1977 395 The President: That would also be catastrophic. Alan, maybe you can address it in more detail. Greenspan: I think it is a fact that the world has not yet adjusted to the earlier increase. 4 The early very sharp increase was very destabi- lizing. It was possible to accommodate as well as we did because there was considerable lending flexibility, both among borrowers and lenders. Now, however, that flexibility has vanished. The international financial structure is now stretched thin. What is wrong in the strong industrial countries is a lack of confidence. That is the basic reason for the pause. The reason for the confidence gap is the huge increase in debts. The overhang of an oil price increase adds greatly to that lack of confidence. No price increase would have a very beneficial psycholog- ical effect around the world. It would bring us together and help the world economy to move again. I agree with the Shah that oil is scarce and has to be priced against competing fuels. It is a matter of time. Alternate sources take time and tremendous investment. Since it is a matter of psychological confidence, there is no such thing as a moderate increase. And the psychological benefit of no in- crease, in the face of all the current fears, would be substantial. The President: There is just one more thing. The situation, in sev- eral countries, is very serious. Take Italy. They are having serious eco- nomic problems but at the bottom it is political. If the government can’t cope, there will be Communists in the government. In France, the situa- tion is potentially serious, with strong Communist forces. In Portugal, the situation is very tenuous with the government just hanging on and the threat of a collapse. In Spain also, they are making great progress, but it is still fragile. That is why I come back to no increase or a delay. Any increase adds to the danger of a financial crisis, to failure in some governments, even to the danger of military crisis. Zahedi: I think there is no doubt there will be an increase, espe- cially after the steel price increase in this country. Many newspapers are now speculating there will be a 7–15 percent increase. We would not accept a big increase. There will be an increase, but we are con- cerned about the security situation in Europe. We know more than most how important Europe is and the dangers of being isolated. That is why we are giving bilateral help to European governments. The price of oil is about one-half percent in the United States and about one or one-and-a-half percent in Europe. Unless people get a shock, they won’t realize we have to switch from oil. We have plenty of coal. 4 See footnote 4, Document 82. 365-608/428-S/80010 396 Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXVII I spoke in Mexico with President Lopez Portillo. What a great love he has for you. The President: He is very impressive. Zahedi: We cannot let Mexico collapse. Some are going to help them. Our Minister of Finance is going there in January. I think if nothing unusual happens—and the Shah hasn’t told me so I am guessing—it would be about ten percent. The highest would be 15 percent and we would fight anything over 15 percent. Less than ten percent, I don’t know, but I honestly don’t think so. The Shah said I could promise you he would be moderate and very moderate. I will report this conversation also. But the Shah understands; he has great feeling for you and for the United States. And I feel very strongly about the United States and our relationship. Anything I can do, I would like to. The President: I appreciate that and I know it is true. That is why I thought we could talk together this way as close friends. Please express to him my admiration and affection for him. I hope that the great influ- ence he has will be directed toward a moderate increase. Zahedi: I will tell him again. You and Mrs. Ford have an invitation to visit Iran. I hope you come as many times as you can and stay as long as possible. You are a great man and we love you, whether you are in or out of office. The President: I am very grateful and we would at some time like to take advantage of your very kind offer. |
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