Gen om e d iver si ty
Natural variation of genes involved in post-transcriptional
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- Research Group: Genome Plasticity head: dr. Renate Schmidt Scientists
- Goals Study and exploitation of naturally occurring genetic variation in brassicaceae. Research Report Screening of a Brassica napus bacterial artificial chromo
- Publications Peer Reviewed Papers 2012
- Books and Book Chapters 2013
- Fig. 27 bac contigs of homoeologous Brassica napus regions.
- Genetic analysis of seed and yield traits in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Abb. 28 Feldvermehrung einer aus Pollen-eMS-Mutagenese hervorgegangenen Maismutantenpopulation (M. Rosso). Fig. 28
- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik Leiter: Prof. dr. thomas altmann Allgemeine Forschungsziele
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- Developments in 2012 and 2013
- Entwicklung im Berichtszeitraum
Natural variation of genes involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). the study of transgene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana columbia-0 had revealed that high expres- sion level mediated by multiple copies of a particular reporter gene triggers post-transcriptional gene silencing. For GFP transgenes under the control of the caMV 35S promoter the in- itiation and spread of silencing can be observed non-invasively in populations of isogenic plants throughout development via fluorescence microscopy. Such an experimental set-up is used to evaluate whether t-dna mutants of selected A. thaliana RDR genes influence the onset and/or spread of post-transcription- al gene silencing (in collaboration with M. F. Mette, research group epigenetics). the study of mutants with impaired PtGS led to the discovery of many genes that play important roles in this process. the natural variation of these genes was studied in 25 genetically diverse A. thaliana accessions. comparative sequence analysis revealed for several candidate genes variants with particularly high sequence divergence in some of the accessions studied when compared to the reference accession columbia-0. in some instances large indels were found in exon regions. Select- ed gene variants were introgressed into columbia-0 transgenic lines harbouring GFP transgenes in order to assess whether and to which extent candidate genes with diverged haplotypes af- fect the process of post-transcriptional gene silencing. current- ly, onset and spread of silencing of the GFP genes is analysed in the different introgression lines and compared to the silencing behaviour in the columbia-0 genetic background (L.t. Le, d.P. Le). Research Group: Genome Plasticity head: dr. Renate Schmidt Scientists IPK financed koppolu, Jahnavi (0,50, 01.05.-16.09.2012; 16.10.2012- 15.10.2013) Le, Loan thanh (0,50) Grant positions boudichevskaia, anastassia, dr. (Saxony-anhalt, till 29.02.2012) cao, hieu Xuan, dr. (bMbF, till 30.06.2012) koppolu, Jahnavi (0,50 Saxony-anhalt, till 30.04.2012) Visiting Scientists/Scholars boudichevskaia, anastassia, dr. (self-financed, 01.03.- 31.03.2012) koppolu, Jahnavi (self-financed, since 16.10.2013) Le, dung Phuong (Moet/daad) Goals Study and exploitation of naturally occurring genetic variation in brassicaceae. Research Report Screening of a Brassica napus bacterial artificial chromo- some (BAC) library using highly parallel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays. SnPs are particularly versatile molecular markers. they are highly suitable for medium- to high-throughput applications since they can be used in multi- plexed format. in the polyploid B. napus genome it is important to distinguish two classes of polymorphisms; intragenomic SnPs discriminate between accessions whereas intergenomic SnPs differentiate between homoeologous genomes. a multi- dimensional screening platform was developed for a B. napus bac library covering approximately ten genome equivalents. intragenomic and intergenomic SnPs were included in illumi- na’s GoldenGate ® Genotyping assay and both SnP classes were equally suited for the screening of the multidimensional bac pools of the B. napus library, provided that an optimized SnP calling method was implemented (h.X. cao). clone contig maps for genomes can be efficiently generated by bac fingerprinting, but the assembly of contigs for specific chromosome regions in medium or high-throughput manner poses a challenge. this is especially true for the polyploid B. napus genome in which highly similar homoeologous regions need to be discriminated. intergenomic SnPs may represent a suitable screening tool for such purposes, since they do not only identify homoeologous sequences but also differentiate Abteilung Cytogenetik und Genomanalyse/ Department of Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis 86 spect to their utility as sequence feature polymorphisms (SFP) markers. Many SFP markers were identified and used to gener- ate a dense molecular marker map of the recombinant inbred lines (a. boudichevskaia, h.X. cao, R. Schmidt). the normalized genome-wide transcript profiles together with the dense SFP map provide the basis for eQtL analyses (in collaboration with J. Reif, research group Quantitative Genetics). Publications Peer Reviewed Papers 2012 M eyer , R.c., h. W itucka -W all , M. b echer , a. b lacha , a. b oudichevs - kaia , P. d örmann , o. F iehn , S. F riedel , M. von k orff , J. L isec , M. M elzer , d. R epsilber , R. S chmidt , M. S cholz , J. S elbig , L. W illmitzer & t. a ltmann : heterosis manifestation during early Arabidop- sis seedling development is characterized by intermediate gene expression and enhanced metabolic activity in the hybrids. Plant J. 71 (2012) 669-683. 2013 c ao , h.X. & R. S chmidt : Screening of a Brassica napus bacterial artificial chromosome library using highly parallel single nucleotide polymorphism assays. bMc Genomics 14 (2013) e603. G ils , M., k. k empe , a. b oudichevskaia , R. J erchel , d. P escianschi , R. S chmidt , M. k irchhoff & R. S chachschneider : Quantitative as- sessment of wheat pollen shed by digital image analysis of trapped airborne pollen grains. adv. crop Sci. techn. 2 (2013) 119. Books and Book Chapters 2013 S chmidt , R. & i. b ancroft : Perspectives on genetics and genom- ics of the brassicaceae (chinese translation from english language edition 2011). in: S chmidt , R. & i. b ancroft (eds.): Genetics and Genomics of the brassicaceae (chinese trans- lation from english language edition 2011). Plant Genetics and Genomics: crops and Models, Vol. 9. Springer, new York et al. (2013) 617-632. S chmidt , R. & i. b ancroft (eds.): Genetics and Genomics of the brassicaceae (chinese translation from english language edition 2011). Plant Genetics and Genomics: crops and Models, Vol. 9. Springer, new York et al. (2013) 677 pp. t own , c., R. S chmidt & i. b ancroft : comparative genome analysis at the sequence level in the brassicaceae (chinese transla- tion from english language edition 2011). in: S chmidt , R. & i. b ancroft (eds.): Genetics and Genomics of the brassicaceae (chinese translation from english language edition 2011). Plant Genetics and Genomics: crops and Models, Vol. 9. Springer, new York et al. (2013) 171-194. Fig. 27 bac contigs of homoeologous Brassica napus regions. the intergenomic SnP assays that were used to establish the bac contigs are shown in the middle. the order of the SnP assays represents that found in the B. rapa genome. bacs assigned to the B. napus a and c subgenomes are shown as red and blue rectangles, respectively. the resulting bac contigs are displayed as filled rectangles above and below the SnP assays, respectively. arrows indicate that assay order cannot be determined based on the bac contig data (h.X. cao, R. Schmidt). Genetic analysis of seed and yield traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. Quantitative trait locus (QtL) mapping revealed genomic regions of importance for seed and yield related traits in A. thaliana recombinant inbred lines derived from the acces- sions columbia-0 and c24 (a. boudichevskaia, J. koppolu, in collaboration with t. altmann, research group heterosis). Ge- nome-wide transcript profiles of seeds were established with affymetrix ath1 arrays for a large subset of the recombinant inbred lines. ath1 arrays are based on the genome sequence of the reference accession columbia-0, hence the features on the array exactly match the sequences of columbia-0 transcripts. in contrast, gene sequences from c24 show numerous nucleo- tide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions when compared to the gene sequences of columbia-0. We considered the se- quence differences between the columbia-0 and c24 gene se- quences for the normalization of the transcript profiling data. those features on the array that did not match exactly the gene sequences of the c24 accession were also evaluated with re- Abb. 28 Feldvermehrung einer aus Pollen-eMS-Mutagenese hervorgegangenen Maismutantenpopulation (M. Rosso). Fig. 28 Field propagation of a pollen eMS mutagenesis-derived maize mutant population (M. Rosso). Abteilung Molekulare Genetik/ Department of Molecular Genetics Abteilung Molekulare Genetik/ Department of Molecular Genetics 88 Research Goals Research performed in the department Molecular Genetics is mainly directed towards the analysis and modulation of plant performance addressing yield-related physiological processes in the context of certain developmental processes. this more and more includes aspects of investigating plant genetic diver- sity. both, vegetative growth/biomass production and hetero- sis (enhanced performance of crossbreads over their parental inbreads) and generative processes such as germ cell forma- tion, seed development and physiology, and seed yield are stu- died in detail. a major goal of the work is the elucidation of the regulation of central developmental and metabolic processes addressing in particular the roles of transcription factors and metabolites, of phytohormones, and of novel/complex signals. the research program is characterised by integration of work directed towards the elucidation of basic biological processes and phenomena, the development and application of novel methods and approaches, and biotechnological, application- oriented research. thus, in the area of molecular biology and metabolic physiology of plant developmental processes, mole cular control mechanisms of gamete development, early embryogenesis, and apomixis (identification and characterisa- tion of (transcriptional) regulators) are elucidated and genetic causes and molecular mechanisms of metabolic performance variation (vegetative growth and biomass accumulation, het- erosis; seed development and storage compound accumula- tion) under optimal and suboptimal environmental conditions are analysed. in the biotechnological, application-oriented research field work is done on “Phyto-F(Ph)arming“ (production of novel pro- ducts for pharmaceutical or industrial applications in plants), on the development of hybrid technologies (procedures for efficient production of hybrid seeds), and on the improvement of yield, yield stability and quality of plant seeds and their con- stituents. important aspects are furthermore the development and ap- plication of bioinformatic procedures in the area of integra tive bioinformatics and network analysis (data representation and integration, visualisation and exploration, analysis and simu- lation), analysis of Rna-, protein- and metabolite-profile data, and image analysis for automated phenotyping. the investi- gation of the aforementioned biological topics is strongly sup- ported through development of biological and experimental resources (Fig. 28, p. 87), technologies, and methods. among others these include e.g. microsampling and analysis, nMR- based localisation and quantification of content substances, Gc-MS and Lc-MS-based metabolite analytics, microsensorics, immunological techniques, nucleic acids analytics and next generation sequencing, and installations and procedures for automated non-invasive phenotyping. Abteilung Molekulare Genetik Leiter: Prof. dr. thomas altmann Allgemeine Forschungsziele die Forschungsarbeiten in der abteilung Molekulare Genetik beziehen sich hauptsächlich auf die analyse und die Modu- lation der Leistungsfähigkeit von Pflanzen, wobei ertrags- bezogene physiologische Prozesse im kontext bestimmter entwicklungsprozesse adressiert werden. hierbei werden in steigendem Maße aspekte der erforschung genetischer diver- sität von Pflanzen untersucht. Sowohl vegetatives Wachstum/ biomasseproduktion und heterosis (gesteigerte Leistung von kreuzungsnachkommen gegenüber ihren eltern) als auch ge- nerative Prozesse wie keimzellbildung, Samenentwicklung und -physiologie und Samenertrag werden intensiv erforscht. ein wesentliches ziel der arbeiten ist die aufklärung der Regu- lation zentraler entwicklungs- und Stoffwechselprozesse, wo- bei besonders die Rolle von transkriptionsfaktoren und Meta- boliten, von Phytohormonen und von neuartigen/komplexen Signalen untersucht wird. das Forschungsprogramm ist geprägt durch die integration von untersuchungen grundlegender biologischer Prozesse und Phänomene mit der entwicklung und anwendung neu- artiger Methoden und Forschungsansätze und der biotechno- logischen, anwendungsorientierten Forschung. So werden im bereich der Molekularbiologie und Stoffwechselphysiologie pflanzlicher entwicklungsprozesse molekulare kontrollmecha- nismen der Gametenentwicklung, der frühen embryogenese und der apomixis (identifizierung und charakterisierung von (transkriptionellen) Regulatoren) untersucht und genetische ursachen und molekularer Mechanismen der Variation von Stoffwechselleistungen unter günstigen und ungünstigen um- weltbedingungen (vegetatives Wachstum und biomasseakku- mulation, heterosis; Samenentwicklung und Speicherstoffak- kumulation) analysiert. im bereich der biotechnologischen, anwendungsorientierten Forschung werden arbeiten zum „Phyto-F(Ph)arming“ (der Pro- duktion neuartiger pflanzlicher inhaltsstoffe für pharmazeu- tische und industrielle anwendungen), zur entwicklung von hybridtechnologien (Verfahren zur effizienten erzeugung von hybridsaatgut) und zur Steigerung des ertrages, der ertrags- stabilität und der Qualität von Samen und deren inhaltsstoffen ausgeführt. Wichtige aspekte sind ferner die entwicklung und anwendung bioinformatischer Verfahren in den bereichen integrative bio- informatik und netzwerkanalyse (datenrepräsentation und –integration, Visualisierung und exploration, analyse und Si- mulation), der analyse von Rna-, Protein- und Metabolitprofil- daten und der bildanalyse für die automatisierte Phänotypisie- rung. die bearbeitung der oben genannten biologischen Fra- gestellungen werden wesentlich durch die entwicklung neuer biologischer und experimenteller Ressourcen (s. abb. 28, S. Department of Molecular Genetics head: Prof. thomas altmann 89 a major goal of the research is to gain a deeper understanding of the control and the regulation of plant growth and develop- ment with respect to vegetative and generative performance by using an integrative and systems-oriented approach and to transfer results of basic research into application oriented in- vestigations. Developments in 2012 and 2013 the reporting period is particularly characterized by a very substantial intensification of the use of automated non-inva- sive plant phenotyping approaches carried out through the use of installations set up in the previous report years (Lem- natec-systems for small plants, e.g. Arabidopsis and for large plants such as maize). these systems yield various optical data (images taken for different wavelengths and through various approaches) on plants captured in high throughput. the use of these image data is supported by the installed first version of an image analysis platform (iaP). Furthermore, nMR-based approaches for non-invasive measurement of constituents and the 3d capture of structures and constituent distributions (MRi) in parts of plants (e.g. seeds) were substantially advanced and applied. a major push to the further development of plant phe- notyping approaches and installations is given at iPk through the bMbF-funded dPPn (deutsches Pflanzenphänotypisie- rungs-netzwerk – German Plant Phenotyping network; www. dppn.de) project, which is carried out in close co-operation with research groups at the Forschungszentrum Jülich and the helmholtz-zentrum München. the transdepartmental initiati- ve at iPk is coordinated and substantially covered by the de- partment Molecular Genetics. For another technical platform, the high throughput sequencer hiSeq2000 (illumina), several procedures for dna and Rna se- quencing have been implemented during the reporting period and are used for (iPk-wide) internal as well as external research co-operations. Major successes of the research conducted by the research groups of the department during the reporting period (for more detailed presentation see the individual reports of the eight groups of the department) relate to the elucidation of the genetic and mechanistic bases of heterosis in plants and the opportunity to predict hybrid performance using data on pa- rents, as well as the efficient production of hybrid seeds; they relate furthermore to the detailed analysis and modelling of metabolic processes in plant seeds, the enhancement of seed yield and yield stability (especially for barley and wheat), the identification of identity and/or differentiation regulators of cells or tissues, the optimised production and purification of valuable proteins in plants, and the development and use of bioinformatics approaches for the analysis, and exploration of biological data and the modelling of biological processes in plants (especially metabolism in certain organs and at the whole plant level). in the reporting period, the work of the junior research group “data inspection” has been successfully completed upon ter- mination of funding by the State of Saxony-anhalt on 31 de- 87), technologien und Methoden unterstützt. dazu zählen u. a. Mikroprobennahme und -analyse, nMR-basierte inhaltsstofflo- kalisierung und -quantifizierung, Gc-MS- und Lc-MS-basierte Metabolitanalytik, Mikrosensorik, immunologische Verfahren, nukleinsäureanalytik und -sequenzierung neuester Generation sowie automatisierte nicht-invasive Phänotypisierungsinstalla- tionen und -verfahren. ein wesentliches anliegen der Forschungsarbeiten ist es durch integrative und System-orientierte analysen ein tieferes Ver- ständnis der kontrolle und Regulation pflanzlicher Wachs- tums- und entwicklungsprozesse in bezug auf vegetative und generative Leistungen von Pflanzen zu erlangen und Grundla- generkenntnisse in anwendungsorientierte untersuchungen einzubringen. Entwicklung im Berichtszeitraum der berichtszeitraum ist besonders durch eine wesentliche intensivierung der nutzung automatisierter, nicht-invasiver Pflanzenphänotypisierungsverfahren auf der basis der in den vorherigen berichtsjahren installierten und in betrieb genom- menen anlagen (Lemnatec-Systeme für kleine Pflanzen, z. b. Arabidopsis und für große Pflanzen, z. b. Mais) gekennzeichnet, mit denen verschiedene optische daten (bilder verschiedener Wellenlängenbereiche und aufnahmeverfahren) von Pflanzen im hochdurchsatz gewonnen werden. die nutzung der hier erhobenen bilddaten wird durch die ebenfalls im berichtszeit- raum erfolgte einrichtung einer ersten Version der bildanalyse- plattform (iaP) unterstützt. Ferner wurden die nMR-basierten Verfahren zur nicht-invasiven bestimmung von inhaltsstoffge- halten und der 3d-erfassung von Strukturen und inhaltsstoff- verteilungen (MRi) von Pflanzenteilen (z. b. Samen) erheblich weiterentwickelt und intensiv angewendet. eine erhebliche dynamik erfährt die Weiterentwicklung der Pflanzenphäno- typisierungsverfahren und -installationen am iPk durch das im berichtszeitraum initiierte bMbF-geförderte Projekt dPPn (deutsches Pflanzenphänotypisierungs-netzwerk; www.dppn. de), das in enger zusammenarbeit mit arbeitsgruppen am Forschungszentrum Jülich und dem helmholtz-zentrum Mün- chen bearbeitet wird. diese abteilungsübergreifende initiative am iPk wird stark durch die abteilung Molekulare Genetik ge- tragen und von hier aus koordiniert. Für eine weitere technische Plattform, die hochdurchsatz-Se- quenziereinrichtung hiSeq2000 (illumina), wurden im berichts- zeitraum diverse dna- und Rna-Sequenzierverfahren einge- richtet, die für (iPk-weite) interne und externe Forschungs- kooperationen genutzt werden. Wesentliche, im berichtszeitraum erzielte erfolge aus den For- schungsarbeiten der arbeitsgruppen der abteilung (für aus- führlichere darstellungen siehe die einzelnen berichte der acht arbeitsgruppen der abteilung) beziehen sich auf die erfor- schung der genetischen und mechanistischen Grundlagen der heterosis in Pflanzen und den Möglichkeiten der hybridleis- tungsvorhersage auf basis von elterndaten sowie der effizien- ten erzeugung von hybridsaatgut, auf die detaillierten analyse und Modellierung von Stoffwechselprozessen in pflanzlichen Samen, die Steigerung des Samenertrages und der ertragssta- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik/ Department of Molecular Genetics 90 cember 2012. Furthermore, the head of the “abiotic Stress Genomics” group of the interdisciplinary center of crop Plant Research (izn) of the Martin Luther university of halle-Witten- berg und cooperating non-university institutions, dr. n. Sreeni- vasulu, took a new position at the international Rice Research institute (iRRi) at the Philippines and the group leader position was filled by dr. M. kuhlmann on 1 May 2013. the following group reports provide more detailed insights into the research and the achieved results of the individual re- search groups of the department. thomas altmann, January 2014 bilität von Pflanzen (insbesondere Gerste, Weizen), die iden- tifizierung von Regulatoren der identität und der differenzie- rung von zellen oder Geweben, der optimierten Produktion wertvoller Proteine in Pflanzen sowie deren Reinigung und der entwicklung und anwendung bioinformatischer Verfahren zur analyse, Modellierung und erforschung biologischer daten und der Modellierung biologischer Prozesse in Pflanzen (insbe- sondere deren Stoffwechsel in bestimmten organen und auf der Ganzpflanzenebene). im berichtszeitrum wurden die arbeiten der nachwuchswis- senschaftlergruppe dateninspektion erfolgreich abgeschlos- sen, nachdem zum 31. dezember 2012 die Förderung durch das Land Sachsen-anhalt auslief. Ferner wechselte die Leitung der zum interdisziplinären zentrum für nutzpflanzenforschung (izn) der Martin-Luther-universität halle-Wittenberg und ko- operierender außeruniversitärer einrichtungen gehörenden nachwuchswissenschaftlergruppe abiotische Stressgenomik: Mit dem Wechsel des bisherigen arbeitsgruppenleiters dr. nese Sreenivasulu an das international Rice Research institute (iRRi) auf den Philippinen übernahm dr. Markus kuhlmann zum 1. Mai 2013 die Leitungsaufgabe für diese arbeitsgruppe. die folgenden berichte der arbeitsgruppen geben detaillierte- re einblicke in die Forschungsarbeiten und die erzielten ergeb- nisse der einzelnen arbeitsgruppen der abteilung. thomas altmann, Januar 2014 91 ches are followed to identify growth and metabolism con- trolling factors of vegetative development (addressing mainly Arabidopsis and maize). Major emphasis is given to the identifi- cation of loci and involved genes contributing to heterosis and the discovery of the underlying molecular and physiological mechanism and to the discovery of genetic and biological mar- kers for the prediction of (vegetative) biomass accumulation. (ii) Lipid metabolism and assimilate allocation in seeds (mainly rapeseed, oat, barley and wheat) is investigated using topogra- phical biophysical, biochemical, and molecular analysis proce- dures to uncover determinants and limiting factors of yield. in support of these lines of research, important technology platforms such as plant phenotyping installations and me- thods are set up and used as well as a next generation sequen- cing platform for the analysis of dna sequence diversity and variation of Rna abundance. Download 0.66 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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