География ҳӘм тәбийий ресурслар факультети экономикалық ҲӘм социаллық география кафедрасы

2. Тема бойынша шет тиллер (рус, инглис, немис, француз) де баспадан шыққан илимий дереклерди аўдарма ислеў
(кеминде 2-3 мийнеттен қысқа аўдарма ислеў)

УДК – 914-919

Embergenov N.J. – PhD, Associate Professor,
Karakalpak State University
Uzbekistan, Nukus
Joldasov A.S. – Assistant teacher
Karakalpak State University,
Uzbekistan, Nukus
Oteuliev M.O. – Doctoral Candidate
Karakalpak State University
Uzbekistan, Nukus

SOME ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF LIVESTOCK SECTORS IN

THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Abstract. This article analyzes the development and territorial organization of
the livestock sector in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The article deals with the
past and present state of livestock. The most favorable areas for livestock
breeding in Karakalpakstan are listed.
Keywords: land fund, resource, pasture, territorial organization, intensive,
employment, melioration.
At present, great attention is paid in our country to the uninterrupted
supply of cheap and high-quality food products to the population. The
development of the livestock sector in the region is an important factor in the
consistent solution of these issues. For this reason, Presidential Resolution of the
Republic of Uzbekistan (No. 4243, March 18, 2019) "On measures for further
development and support of the livestock industry" and (No. 4576, January 29,
2020) "On additional measures of the state support for the livestock industry"
adopted by the Government in recent years are among them. The main content
and essence of these resolutions is to further develop the livestock sector in the
country, to provide the population with cheap and quality livestock products, to
attract foreign investment in the cultivation and processing of import-
substituting, export-oriented, marketable and competitive food products and to
support entrepreneurship [1,2].
The Republic of Karakalpakstan is characterized by unique natural
conditions and resources. In this case, the land resources can be recognized
separately. The total land fund of the republic is 16.1 million hectares, including
419.5 thousand hectares of arable land; hayfields 68 thousand ha; pastures are
4640 thousand ha [4]. It is known that the rational use of land resources depends
on a number of factors. Currently, water resources are major problem in the
region. This, in turn, requires structural changes in the agricultural sector.
Taking into account the rich historical experience of the population it is
necessary to reduce the number of water-intensive crops in agriculture, increase
the number of forage crops that require less water, as well as the region, which
is specialized in the livestock sector. In this regard, Presidential Resolution of
the Republic of Uzbekistan (No. 4512, November 7, 2019) "On measures to
accelerate the development of the livestock industries in the Republic of
Karakalpakstan" was adopted. This decision was made especially for the
Republic of Karakalpakstan, where the specialization of livestock in Bozatau,
Muynak, Takhtakupir and Kungrad districts in the north of the country is
recognized as one of the most important issues to be addressed today. It is
necessary to scientifically study the available resources and factors in the
implementation of these issues [3].
The Republic of Karakalpakstan is one of the regions of the country with
great potential for the development of livestock, occupying 48.5% of the pasture
fund. The total volume of agricultural production in Karakalpakstan in 2019
amounted to 8108.4 billion UZS and the share of the livestock sector was
48.6%. The analysis of statistical data shows that the number of livestock in
Karakalpakstan has been growing in recent years. For example, in 1990 the
number of large horned cattle in all categories of farms of the republic increased
from 373.2 thousand in 2019 to 1109.5 thousand. The number of sheep and
goats increased from 530.0 thousand to 1135.0 thousand, respectively, and the
number of yearlings (horse) increased from 13.8 thousand to 24.4 thousand.
It should be noted that of the existing 1109.5 thousand heads of large
horned cattle, 52.3 thousand heads (4.7%) belong to farms, 1048.3 thousand
heads (94.5%) belong to dehkan farms and 9 thousand heads (0.8%) belong to
agricultural enterprises. This indicator is 122 thousand heads (10.7%), 996.2
thousand heads (87.8%)and 16.5 thousand heads, respectively, in sheep and
goats [5].
In 2019, meat production (live weight) in Karakalpakstan amounted to
106.9 thousand tons (including 3.0% on farms, 96.4% on dehkan farms and
0.6% on agricultural enterprises). Milk production amounted to 386.3 thousand
tons (of which 5.0%; 94.2% and 0.7%, respectively). According to the
Kazakhstan Statistics Agency, in 1992 the cattle population in Kazakhstan was
9.5 million head and this number fell all the way to below 4 million head by
1999. Since that time there has been a gradual recovery and at the beginning of
2011 there were 6.2 million head [6].
According to these data, the main role in livestock is played by dehkan
farms, and the share of farms is very low. This, in turn, creates specific
difficulties to collect statistics on livestock production. As well as used for
processing livestock products grown on farms and agricultural enterprises.
Therefore, in order to enlarge small dehkan farms and gradually transform them
into farms, it is expedient to develop a special state program to support them,
allocate land and allocate soft loans. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the
number of livestock, the improvement of their breed, an increase in the volume
of production from them. Processing of these livestock products will lead to the
provision of quality food to the population, increase the employment rate and
increase the gross domestic product.
Regular irrigation of existing pastures and increasing the productivity of
natural pastures in Karakalpakstan is one of the main tasks for further
development of the livestock sector. This is because the utilization rate of desert
pasture resources is currently low. For example, in the northern regions of the
country, the use of natural pastures is 57%, while in the southern regions it is
only 35%. In recent years, the productivity of natural pastures on the banks of
the Amudarya has declined. In the delta, the volume and quality of agricultural
products included in the crop rotation system are also declining. Pastures have a
serious impact on vegetation cover and productivity due to the negative impact
on the natural grasslands as a result of wind movement of salts and toxic dust
accumulated in the Aral Sea impact zone. This process leads to the development
of livestock in the region, a decrease in the production of products from them,
and in turn the import of these products or an increase in prices.
In 2019, about 96-100 thousand hectares of arable land were used for
agriculture in the southern districts of the republic, while in the northern and
central districts it was 155-170 thousand hectares. This is equivalent to 14-17
percent of the land suitable for irrigated agriculture. This means that even in
irrigated agricultural areas, there are many reserves for agricultural use. Due to
the scarcity of water resources, these lands have not been used in agriculture for
many years.
At present, 87.6 thousand hectares of cotton and 102.5 thousand hectares
of grain are planted in all categories of farms of the country. These crops also
produce large amounts of fodder for livestock. Irrigation of pastures for
intensive development of livestock in Karakalpakstan and territorial placement,
specialization and selection of livestock in accordance with the natural and
economic geographical features of the region will lay the foundation for the
future development of this sector.
In order to develop the livestock sector in Karakalpakstan in conditions of
water scarcity, it is expedient to implement the following measures:
 based on hydromodules of agricultural crops on irrigated lands and the
implementation of their planned irrigation;
 selection of scientifically based types of agricultural crops depending on the
mechanical composition of the soil;
 ensuring the uninterrupted operation of drainage wells and relying on expert
advice in salt washing;
 it is advisable to follow agricultural crop rotation schemes.
The implementation of these measures will allow the development of
irrigation and land reclamation systems in Karakalpakstan, the proper
organization of land reclamation to alleviate environmental problems that
adversely affect the food reserves of livestock and increase the efficiency of
production.

Chorvachilik tarmoqlarini rivojlantirishning bazi masalalari QORAQALPOQISTON RESPUBLIKASI

Xulosa. Ushbu maqola rivojlanish va hududiy tashkil etishni tahlil qiladi

Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasida chorvachilik sohasi. Maqolada
chorvachilikning o'tmishi va hozirgi holati. Chorvachilik uchun eng qulay joylar
Qoraqalpog'istondagi naslchilik ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: er fondi, resurs, yaylov, hududiy tashkilot, intensiv,
bandlik, melioratsiya.
Ayni paytda mamlakatimizda uzluksiz ishlashga katta e'tibor berilmoqda
aholini arzon va sifatli oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari bilan ta'minlash. The
mintaqada chorvachilik sohasini rivojlantirish muhim omil hisoblanadi
ushbu masalalarni izchil hal etish. Shu sababli Prezidentning Qarori
O'zbekiston Respublikasi (No 4243, 2019 yil 18 mart) "Keyingi chora-tadbirlar to'g'risida
chorvachilik sanoatini rivojlantirish va qo'llab-quvvatlash "va (№ 4576, 29 yanvar,
2020 yil) "Chorvachilik sohasini davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlashning qo'shimcha chora-tadbirlari to'g'risida"
so'nggi yillarda hukumat tomonidan qabul qilinganlar shular jumlasidandir. Asosiy tarkib
va ushbu qarorlarning mohiyati chorvachilik sohasini yanada rivojlantirishdan iborat
mamlakat, aholini arzon va sifatli chorvachilik mahsulotlari bilan ta'minlash, to
importni etishtirish va qayta ishlashga xorijiy investitsiyalarni jalb qilish -
o'rnini bosuvchi, eksportga yo'naltirilgan, sotiladigan va raqobatbardosh oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini va
tadbirkorlikni qo'llab-quvvatlash [1,2].
Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi o'ziga xos tabiati bilan ajralib turadi
sharoit va resurslar. Bunday holda, er resurslarini tan olish mumkin alohida-alohida. Respublikaning umumiy er fondi 16,1 million gektarni tashkil etadi, shu jumladan
419,5 ming gektar ekin maydonlari; pichanzorlar 68 ming ga; yaylovlar
4640 ming ga [4]. Ma'lumki, er resurslaridan oqilona foydalanish bog'liqdir
bir qator omillar bo'yicha. Hozirgi vaqtda suv resurslari mintaqadagi asosiy muammo hisoblanadi
mintaqa. Bu, o'z navbatida, qishloq xo'jaligi sohasidagi tarkibiy o'zgarishlarni talab qiladi.
Aholining boy tarixiy tajribasini hisobga olgan holda
qishloq xo'jaligida suvni talab qiladigan ekinlar sonini kamaytirish, ko'paytirish uchun zarur
kam suv talab qiladigan em-xashak ekinlari soni, shuningdek mintaqa
chorvachilik sohasiga ixtisoslashgan. Shu munosabat bilan Prezidentning Qarori
O'zbekiston Respublikasi (4512-son, 2019 yil 7-noyabr) "ga doir chora-tadbirlar to'g'risida
respublikada chorvachilik sanoatining rivojlanishini tezlashtirish
Qoraqalpog'iston "mavzusida qaror qabul qilindi. Ushbu qaror, ayniqsa,
Bozatauda chorvachilik ixtisoslashgan Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi,
Mo'ynoq, Taxtakupir va Qo'ng'irot tumanlari mamlakat shimolida
bugungi kunda hal qilinishi kerak bo'lgan eng muhim masalalardan biri sifatida tan olingan. Bu
mavjud manbalarni va omillarni ilmiy o'rganish uchun zarur
ushbu masalalarni amalga oshirish [3].
Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi mamlakatning mintaqalaridan biridir
yaylovning 48,5 foizini egallagan chorvachilikni rivojlantirish uchun katta imkoniyatlar
fond. 2019 yilda Qoraqalpog'istonda qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarining umumiy hajmi
8108,4 milliard so'mni tashkil etdi va chorvachilikning ulushi
48,6%. Statistik ma'lumotlarning tahlili shuni ko'rsatadiki, chorva mollari soni
So'nggi yillarda Qoraqalpog'iston o'sib bormoqda. Masalan, 1990 yilda
respublikaning barcha toifadagi xo'jaliklarida yirik shoxli qoramollar soni ko'paygan
2019 yilda 373,2 mingdan 1109,5 minggacha. Qo'ylar soni va
echkilar mos ravishda 530,0 mingdan 1135,0 minggacha o'sdi va
yilqilar soni (ot) 13,8 mingdan 24,4 minggacha o'sdi.
Ta'kidlash joizki, mavjud 1109,5 ming bosh yirik
shoxli mollar, 52,3 ming bosh (4,7%) fermer xo'jaliklariga tegishli, 1048,3 ming
bosh (94,5%) dehqon xo'jaliklariga, 9 ming bosh (0,8%) tegishli
qishloq xo'jaligi korxonalari. Ushbu ko'rsatkich 122 ming boshni (10,7%) tashkil etadi, 996,2
ming bosh (87,8%) va 16,5 ming bosh, mos ravishda qo'ylarda va
echkilar [5].
2019 yilda Qoraqalpog'istonda go'sht ishlab chiqarish (tirik vaznda) tashkil etdi
106,9 ming tonna (shu jumladan 3,0% fermer xo'jaliklarida, 96,4% dehqon xo'jaliklarida va
0,6% qishloq xo'jaligi korxonalarida). Sut ishlab chiqarish 386,3 mingtani tashkil etdi
tonna (shundan 5,0%; mos ravishda 94,2% va 0,7%). Ga ko'ra
Qozog'iston statistika agentligi, 1992 yilda Qozog'istonda qoramollar soni
9,5 million bosh va bu raqam 4 million boshdan pastga tushdi
1999. O'sha paytdan boshlab bosqichma-bosqich tiklanish yuz berdi va boshida
2011 yil 6,2 million bosh bor edi [6].
Ushbu ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, chorvachilikda asosiy rolni dehqon o'ynaydi
fermer xo'jaliklari va fermer xo'jaliklarining ulushi juda past. Bu, o'z navbatida, o'ziga xos xususiyatlarni yaratadi
chorvachilik mahsulotlari statistikasini to'plashdagi qiyinchiliklar. Shuningdek, ishlatilgan
fermer xo'jaliklarida va qishloq xo'jaligi korxonalarida etishtirilgan chorvachilik mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash.
Shuning uchun kichik dehqon xo'jaliklarini ko'paytirish va ularni bosqichma-bosqich o'zgartirish uchun
fermer xo'jaliklarida ularni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun maxsus davlat dasturini ishlab chiqish maqsadga muvofiqdir,
yer ajratish va imtiyozli kreditlar ajratish. Bu, o'z navbatida, ning oshishiga olib keladi
chorva mollari soni, ularning naslini yaxshilash, hajmini ko'paytirish
ulardan ishlab chiqarish. Ushbu chorvachilik mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash
aholini sifatli oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minlash, bandlik darajasini oshirish va
yalpi ichki mahsulotni oshirish.
Mavjud yaylovlarni muntazam ravishda sug'orish va unumdorligini oshirish
Qoraqalpog'istondagi tabiiy yaylovlar kelgusidagi asosiy vazifalardan biridir
chorvachilik sohasini rivojlantirish. Buning sababi shundaki, cho'ldan foydalanish koeffitsienti
hozirda yaylov resurslari kam. Masalan, shimoliy hududlarida
tabiiy yaylovlardan foydalanish 57 foizni tashkil etadi, janubiy viloyatlarda esa
faqat 35%. So'nggi yillarda qirg'oqlarda tabiiy yaylovlarning unumdorligi
Amudaryo pasayib ketdi. Deltada qishloq xo'jaligi hajmi va sifati
almashlab ekish tizimiga kiritilgan mahsulotlar ham kamaymoqda. Yaylovlarda a
salbiy ta'sir tufayli o'simlik qoplami va unumdorligiga jiddiy ta'sir
tabiiy o'tloqlarda sho'rlar va zaharli changning shamol harakati natijasida
Orol dengizining ta'sir zonasida to'plangan. Ushbu jarayon rivojlanishga olib keladi
mintaqadagi chorvachilik, ulardan mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarishning pasayishi,
va o'z navbatida ushbu mahsulotlarning importi yoki narxlarning oshishi.
2019 yilda taxminan 96-100 ming gektar ekin maydonlari ishlatilgan
respublikaning janubiy tumanlarida qishloq xo'jaligi, shimoliy va
markaziy tumanlar u 155-170 ming gektarni tashkil etdi. Bu 14-17 ga teng
sug'oriladigan dehqonchilik uchun yaroqli erlarning foiz. Bu shuni anglatadiki, hatto
sug'oriladigan qishloq xo'jaligi maydonlari, qishloq xo'jaligida foydalanish uchun ko'plab zaxiralar mavjud. Sababli
suv resurslarining etishmasligi, bu erlar qishloq xo'jaligida foydalanilmagan
ko'p yillar.
Hozir 87,6 ming gektar paxta va 102,5 ming gektar
don mamlakatimizning barcha toifadagi xo'jaliklarida ekiladi. Ushbu ekinlar ham
chorva mollari uchun katta miqdordagi em-xashak ishlab chiqarish. Yaylovlarni sug'orish
Qoraqalpog'istonda chorvachilikni jadal rivojlantirish va hududiy joylashtirish;
chorvachilikni ixtisoslashtirish va seleksiyasi tabiiy va
mintaqaning iqtisodiy geografik xususiyatlari poydevor yaratadi
kelajakda ushbu sohani rivojlantirish.
Sharoitida Qoraqalpog'istonda chorvachilikni rivojlantirish maqsadida
suv tanqisligi, quyidagi tadbirlarni amalga oshirish maqsadga muvofiq:
• sug'oriladigan erlarda qishloq xo'jaligi ekinlarining gidromodullari va
ularni rejalashtirilgan sug'orishni amalga oshirish;
Qarab qishloq xo'jaligi ekinlarining ilmiy asoslangan turlarini tanlash
tuproqning mexanik tarkibi;
• drenaj quduqlarining uzluksiz ishlashini ta'minlash va mutaxassisga tayanish
tuzni yuvishda maslahat;
• qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini almashlab ekish sxemalariga rioya qilish maqsadga muvofiqdir.
Ushbu tadbirlarni amalga oshirish rivojlanishiga imkon beradi
Qoraqalpog'istondagi sug'orish va melioratsiya tizimlari
ekologik muammolarni engillashtirish uchun melioratsiya ishlarini tashkil etish
chorva mollarining oziq-ovqat zaxiralariga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi va samaradorligini oshirishi
ishlab chiqarish.