Grammar as a phenomenon – a subsystem of language as a linguistic discipline

Morphological
H.Sweet finds the following classes of words:

• 
  Declinable words:noun-words, including some pronouns and numerals; adjective-words, including pronouns and numerals; verbs.
  
• 
  Indeclinable words termed particles Otto Jesperson (The term particles denotes words of different classes which have no categories).
  

Syntactico-distributional
Charles Fries fri:z
Each class of words is characterized by a set of positions in the sentence, which are defined by substitution testing.
As a result of distributional analysis Ch.Fries singles out four main classes of form words ( occupy 4 main positions in a sentence)

• 
  Classes of form words:
  

Class 1 –nouns
Class 2 - verbs
Class 3 – adj-s
Class 4 - adverbs

• 
  Function words
  

He singles out 15 classes of function words – outside the 4 main positions in a sentence.
154 words – 15 classes₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋₋

• 
  Pronouns are classed together with the word they substitute
  

6. Notional and functional classes of words

Both the traditional and the syntactico - distributional classifications divide parts of speech into notional and functional.

Criteria for differentiating:

1. 
   the prominence of their lexical meaning
   
2. 
   peculiarities of their combinability
   
3. 
   ability to be substituted by a word of a more general meaning
   
4. 
   ability to create/add new items
   

Notional words

1. 
   Complete nominative force
   
2. 
   Self-dependent functions in a sentence
   
3. 
   Can be used in isolation
   
4. 
   Can be substituted by a word of a more general meaning
   
5. 
   Open classes (new items can be added to them, they are indefinitely extendable)