Gulistan State University Foreign language and literature English Naxaloboyeva Matluba Contents Introduction

METHODOLOGY: The main aim of this paper is to analyse the translation strategies that have been used for translating the Spanish words in The Old Man and the Sea in the different proposed translations of the work into Spanish, French, German and Italian. In particular, the following specific objectives will also be pursued:
1. To identify the translation strategies that have been used for translating the foreign Spanish words in The Old Man and the Sea into different languages (Spanish, French, German and Italian).
2. To analyse in which way the translation solutions are accommodated in the target culture, after the use of each translation strategy, in The Old Man and the Sea. Multiculturalism is a growing phenomenon that is taking place in our societies. However, its impact is increasingly being reflected in the core of nowadays’ cultural expressions and literature is not an exception. One of the aspects that reveals multiculturalism is the presence of several languages in –usually– Western literature, reflecting the empowerment of linguistic, cultural and social minorities that find in literature a means for their visibility and recognition in society. That is why The Old Man and the Sea represents the perfect example of a classic work that acts as a prelude of what would come later.

Chapter I. Introduction The Old Man and The Sea.

1.1. Summary of The Old Man and The Sea‎.

The Old Man and The Sea is a short and terse novelette by the world-famous American author, Ernest Hemingway. He wrote during his stay in Cuba in 1951. A year later, the novel was published in America, bringing a sort of revolution in the field of fiction writing. The novel comprises an aging Cuban professional fisherman who fails to fish due to his age for 84 days. However, in his last attempt, he hooks rather a giant marlin which tests his strength, resilience, expertise, and perseverance beyond his natural abilities. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize that year but went on to bring the Nobel Prize for Hemingway in 1954. The Old Man and The Sea is a heart-touching story of an experienced old angler, Santiago, who is dubbed as an unfortunate man on the Terrace where he used to stay when returned his fishing trips. It was the first time during his 84 days record of having arrived without any fish, he has been finally termed “salao” the most unlucky person. However, he is not disappointed with the fact that a young boy, Manolin, is always there to boost up his confidence who’d always say that Santiago is the best fisherman in the world. They also share their interests in baseball and the best players such as DiMaggio’s memories with each other.
On the 85^th day that Santiago leaves quite early in the morning after setting fishing gear in his skiff and goes long and deep into the Gulf Stream for fishing. After setting up various lines with proper baits, he waits for the fishes to come. By afternoon, he catches a giant marlin after seeing which he feels that it is going to test his fishing skill, stamina, and perseverance. By the evening the old man is exhausted, as the marlin does not appear on the surface. Both are hidden from each other, testing each other and trying to free from each other. Santiago believes that fate has something else for them in-store. For two days and nights, the old man continues struggling to kill the fish to haul him around to lash beside his skiff. However, he does not succeed, neither the marlin succeeds in breaking his resolve. On the final day, the marlin starts circling around the skiff after coming to the surface at which the old man becomes quite happy but is exhausted to the point of madness. He starts using his fishing tactics and finally succeeds in placing the harpoon in the heart of the marlin. However, he soon faces the dilemma of confronting the sharks, thinking they will come running amuck toward his skiff on account of the blood trail the dead marlin is leaving behind in the water.
His worst fear comes to pass as the first wave of attack comes from the mako sharks. He also sharpens his weapons and starts using a harpoon to kill them. Soon he succeeds in slashing five of them but many others are on the way. The fight continues until the sharks have devoured almost half of the marlin but the old man does not lose his heart and strength. He continues fighting until he reaches the shore. However, when he reaches the coast, he sees that only the skeleton of the marlin with its head and tail. Santiago, however, has uttered the most memorable sentences during his fight that a man can be defeated but not destroyed and he has shown it through his stamina and prolonged fight with such a giant marlin. Soon he falls upon his bed after reaching his hut and goes to sleep.
When the day breaks, other fishermen gather around his boat to see the giant skeleton. At first, they do not believe Santiago would have caught. Pedrico, a local, gets the head of the fish, while other fishermen feel sorry for the old man for having lost such a great prize. However, the boy only cries for the old man for having exhausted himself without getting that prize home. Finally, Santiago dreams of baseball as well as African beaches with lions while he is asleep in his hut.