“ХХI АСРДА ИЛМ-ФАН ТАРАҚҚИЁТИНИНГ РИВОЖЛАНИШ ИСТИҚБОЛЛАРИ ВА УЛАРДА ИННОВАЦИЯЛАРНИНГ
ТУТГАН ЎРНИ” МАВЗУСИДАГИ РЕСПУБЛИКА ИЛМИЙ-ONLINE КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯСИ МАТЕРИАЛЛАРИ
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Short Vowels i e a o u
Long Vowels i: e: a: o: u:
Some vowel correspondences between Germanic and on-Germanic Languages:
Sound
Correspondence
Non-Germanic Germanic
Latin Русский English German Sw [a: o:] mater мать mother - m [o a] nox ночь - Nacht [e
i] ventus ветер wind Wind [u o] sunus сын son Sohn
Consonants The comparison of the Germanic and non-Germanic languages within the
IndoEuropean family reveals regular correspondences between German and non-German
consonants.
First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law) – in the 19th Jacob Grimm, a German scholar,
discovered the existence of regular correspondence between Indo-European (IE) and German
consonants and subdivided them into 3 groups:
Consonant Correspondences
Examples
Old Modern
IE PG Non-German
(Latin)
German
(OE)
NonGerman
[bh,dh,gh] aspirated voiced stops [b, d, g] non-aspirated voiced stops bhrāta (Hind) brōþor
брат
brothe
rudhira(Hind)
rēad
–
r
hostis
giest
гость
gues
[b, d, g] voiced stops [p, t, k] voiceless stops/plosives labare pōl болото pool, decem tīen dieci,
десять t genu cnēo ginocchio knee 3 [p, t, k] voiceless stops/plosives [f, , h] voiceless fricatives
pedis fōt piedi foot tres þrēo tre, три th cordis heort cuore hear Verner’s Law – Carl Verner, a
Danish scholar (19th c.), explained the consonant correspondences as a gradual historical process (a
change takes place in the course of time):
Consonant Correspondences Latin OE Mo
1. [p, t, k] voiceless stops/plosives
[f, , h] voiceless fricatives
[v, ð/d, g] voiced fricatives
septem seofen se
pater fæđer fat
socrus swaiho(Gothic) Schwag
2. Rhotacism ausis
[s] [z] [r] (Lithuanian) Auso (Gothic) ear, Ohr P.S.: these processes usually happened on
condition that the consonants were situated between vowels and if preceded by an unstressed vowel.
Modern
Examples:
seethe
–
sodden,
death
–
dead,
was
–
were.
Second Consonant Shift – happened in the 9th c. in Old High German and today we can observe it
comparing English and German:
Consonant Correspondences English German
1. [t]
[ts] two zwei
[s] water Wasse
2. [] [d] three drei
3. [d] [t] daughter Tochte
4. [k] [h] make mach In
Modern English there is a sharp contrast between accented and unaccented syllables. The
main accent commonly falls on the root-morpheme and is never shifted in building grammatical
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