High speed, low driving voltage vertical cavity germanium-silicon modulators for optical


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2.2.2 SiGe Alloy Properties 
In applications of QCSE on a Si platform, understanding the SiGe alloy properties is 
the key for material structure design. Band structures, band alignment, effective mass 
and mobility will be especially important. 
2.2.2.1 Band Structure of SiGe Alloy 
One of the most critical features of Si and Ge is that the two materials are completely 
miscible. For Si
1−x
Ge

alloys, over the entire x range from 0 to 100%, the compound 
will always have the cubic diamond lattice with a lattice parameter that increases 
almost linearly with increasing x. The lattice mismatch between pure Si and pure Ge is 
4.2%. Both materials, including their alloys of all compositions, are indirect band gap 
semiconductor.
Figure 2.9: Band gap variation of SiGe alloys on Si with different Ge content x. [53] 
Fig 2.9 shows the bandgap variation of SiGe alloys on Si with different Ge content. 
It can be seen that the bandgap variation is strongly affected by strain in the Si
1−x
Ge

crystal. The lower two curves corresponds to the variation of strained Si
1−x
Ge
x
alloys. 
The strain introduces heavy-hole/light-hole splitting of the valence band maximum 


 
 
 
25 
[53]. That means the in-plane compressive strain reduces the indirect bandgap when 
the Ge composition increases. However, for a relaxed Si
1−x
Ge

layer, the bandgap 
behaves differently. The conduction band minima are six-fold degenerate in Si 
(located along the {100} directions near the X point) and eight-fold degenerate in Ge. 
(located at the Brillouin-zone boundary in the {111} directions). The indirect bandgap 
at 300 K (4.2 K) decreases monotonically from 1.11 (1.17) to 0.66 (0.74) eV as the Ge 
content x increases from 0 to 100%. When x=0.85, the indirect bandgap changes from 
the Δ minima to the L minima. That means the band structure of the material is more 
Ge like [61-63]. This leads to changes of the optical and electrical properties, which 
affect our design of SiGe/Ge quantum wells for photonic applications. 

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