2.4.1 Band structure design
Figure 2.14: Sketch of the band structure in real space (not to scale) of a Ge/SiGe MQW structure. E
v,lh
and E
v,hh
are the valence band edges of the light holes and the heavy holes respectively. E
c,Г
and E
c,L
are
the conduction band minima at the zone center (the Г point) and at the L valleys. ΔE represents the band
offset.
Fig 2.14 above shows the band alignment of the material. The Ge/SiGe quantum well
structure is grown on a relaxed SiGe buffer layer. Since the Ge well (and SiGe barrier)
is compressively (and tensily) strained, its valence bands are split and leaving the
heavy hole (and light hole) at the top of the valence bands. There is little strain in the
relaxed SiGe buffer, therefore its valence band remains degenerate. In the conduction
band, the global minima of the buffer and barriers are L valleys and lower than Г point.
This design has several advantages. The sharp edge and high absorption efficiency of
Ge and the compressive strain from the SiGe barriers provide a strong Stark shift. By
using a Ge-rich buffer, both the indirect bands and direct bands are type-I. By using
this design, the modulator device can use the direct bandgap transition, which is much
stronger than the indirect transition. Also this helps photo-generated carriers to be
scattered into the L valley where they can be swept out by the electrical field more
easily, leading to faster carrier recovery dynamics.
Si
1
-
y
Ge
y
buffer
Ge
well
E
v,hh
E
v,lh
h+
e
-
Si
1
-
x
Ge
x
barrier
Δ
E
v,lh
Δ
E
v,hh
Δ
E
c
,
Γ
Absorption at
zone center
E
c,
Si
1
-
x
Ge
x
barrier
E
c,L
Δ
E
c
, L
32
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