High speed, low driving voltage vertical cavity germanium-silicon modulators for optical


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2.4 Structure Design
Based on previous discussion, it is clear that QCSE is the strongest optical modulation 
mechanism and is more pronounced for direct band absorption in type-I aligned 
quantum wells. Because Si and Ge are indirect band gap material, photon absorption 
needs phonon assistance. Therefore, indirect transitions are insufficient due to the low 
coupling probability. The absorption coefficient near the band edge is low because 
there is no clear minimum in the conduction band at the zone center for Si and Si-rich 
SiGe alloys. However, in Ge there is a local minimum at the zone center, allowing 
efficient direct band gap transitions with high absorption efficiency. Equally important 
is that this direct conduction band minimum is not much higher than that of the global 
indirect band minimum, so the absorption coefficient ratio between the direct band 


 
 
 
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transition and the indirect band transition is still high enough that a sharp absorption 
edge can be observed in Ge. This Kane-shape band structure of Ge at the zone center 
is similar to that of direct band gap III-V compound materials, such as GaAs or InAs, 
and in recent work [41] this feature has been utilized to band-gap engineer the Ge 
quantum wells for the quantum-confined Stark effect. The approach has been 
continued and refined in the present work. 
Figure 2.13: A SiGe p-i-n structure on silicon with Ge/Si
1-x
Ge
x
quantum wells on relaxed Si
1-y
Ge

buffer 
Due to the high lattice mismatch between Si and Ge, Ge layers directly grown on 
silicon tend to form 3D islands or become highly strained. These effects will result in 
type-II alignment. In order to avoid this, a relaxed Ge-rich SiGe layer was used as the 
buffer layer between quantum well structures and the Si substrate. 
Fig 2.13 shows the basic device structure for our modulator devices. Standard 
p-i-n structures were used. The whole p-i-n diode is grown on a relaxed Ge-rich buffer 
layer to reduce strain effects. The i-region is used so that the electric field is uniform 
across the Ge/SiGe quantum wells in the intrinsic region where a voltage is applied to 
tune the band-edge absorption. Inside the multiple-quantum-well (MQWs) structure, 
strain-balanced Ge/Si
1-x
Ge

pairs were grown to balance the strain and eliminate strain 
induced bandgap changes. 


 
 
 
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