High speed, low driving voltage vertical cavity germanium-silicon modulators for optical
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2.4 Structure Design
Based on previous discussion, it is clear that QCSE is the strongest optical modulation mechanism and is more pronounced for direct band absorption in type-I aligned quantum wells. Because Si and Ge are indirect band gap material, photon absorption needs phonon assistance. Therefore, indirect transitions are insufficient due to the low coupling probability. The absorption coefficient near the band edge is low because there is no clear minimum in the conduction band at the zone center for Si and Si-rich SiGe alloys. However, in Ge there is a local minimum at the zone center, allowing efficient direct band gap transitions with high absorption efficiency. Equally important is that this direct conduction band minimum is not much higher than that of the global indirect band minimum, so the absorption coefficient ratio between the direct band 30 transition and the indirect band transition is still high enough that a sharp absorption edge can be observed in Ge. This Kane-shape band structure of Ge at the zone center is similar to that of direct band gap III-V compound materials, such as GaAs or InAs, and in recent work [41] this feature has been utilized to band-gap engineer the Ge quantum wells for the quantum-confined Stark effect. The approach has been continued and refined in the present work. Figure 2.13: A SiGe p-i-n structure on silicon with Ge/Si 1-x Ge x quantum wells on relaxed Si 1-y Ge y buffer Due to the high lattice mismatch between Si and Ge, Ge layers directly grown on silicon tend to form 3D islands or become highly strained. These effects will result in type-II alignment. In order to avoid this, a relaxed Ge-rich SiGe layer was used as the buffer layer between quantum well structures and the Si substrate. Fig 2.13 shows the basic device structure for our modulator devices. Standard p-i-n structures were used. The whole p-i-n diode is grown on a relaxed Ge-rich buffer layer to reduce strain effects. The i-region is used so that the electric field is uniform across the Ge/SiGe quantum wells in the intrinsic region where a voltage is applied to tune the band-edge absorption. Inside the multiple-quantum-well (MQWs) structure, strain-balanced Ge/Si 1-x Ge x pairs were grown to balance the strain and eliminate strain induced bandgap changes. |
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