I-bob the category analysis of the parts of speech in English and Uzbek languages

1.2 The morphology and syntax in nouns in English and Uzbek languages.

In both languages a noun is a parts of speech which is used to refer to people, animals, objects, states, events, substances and feeling. Noun can come in the place of a subject or an object of a word. Also, it can take an article or determiner. Adjective modifies noun.
Nouns are created from other categories, which is called “nominalization”. The nominalization is the most common kind of derivational morphology in standard English. In other word, it is the process of farming a noun from other word-class.
In order to differ nouns from other word classes, there are some features:
- morphological features.
Which define :
1) Infectional endings ( -s ) for plural and ( s' ) for possession.
2) Derivation endings ( -ment ), ( -nce ), ( -th ), ( -ness )...
- Semantic properties / features. For grammatical, semantic reason, nouns are divided into different groups:
1) mass vs count
2) concrete / abstract
1 - Mass nouns are also familiar with the name of "uncountable" or "non-count nouns". They are referred to the nouns which can not be counted. They do not have plural forms. For example, water or information can not be said as "waters", "informations".
2 - By contrast, " count nouns " refer to countable nouns, such as pen - pens,
woman - woman.
3 - Concrete nouns. They are used for naming people and things, e.g , boy , school , home , father. Concrete nouns can also be one of the three following types:
1) Proper nouns ( used for naming person , organizations or places things). For examples, Iraq, England, Linda (proper nouns are always capitalized.
2) Common nouns ( used for naming persons and different kinds of an object ): such as, cat, table, pencil, teacher, husband, wife ...
3) Collective nouns ( used for naming a group of people or object or animals:
- a herd ( is used to mean a number of cattle ).
- a flock ( a group of birds ).
4 - Abstract nouns. They refer to uncountable nouns which can not be touched by hand. For instance, bravery, happiness, cleverness and peace ...
In Uzbek language nouns both in morphological and syntactic features, nouns mostly answer " Who? " and " What? " questions.
Nouns in Uzbek language there are some categories which are similar to English language in morphology:
1) " Turdosh otlar " ( common nouns )
2) " Atloqli otlar " ( proper nouns )
3) "Jamlovchi otlar " ( collactive noun )
4) " Aniq otlar " ( concrete nouns )
5) " Mavhum otlar " ( abstract nouns )
6) " Ko'plik kategoriyasi " ( plural category )
7) " Egalik kategoriyasi " ( possession category ).
Although both English and Uzbek languages have the same types of morphological categories and features, their usage differs from each other.
When we look at the similarities, it can easily be noticed that common, proper, collactive, concrete and abstract nouns perform the same tasks.
Nevertheless, the category of possession is completely different since Uzbek possession contains a lot of parts.For example, in English we form possession by ( 's ) or ( of ) whereas in Uzbek it varies according to singular number and plural numbers.
Singular. Plural
1-p. Kitob + im. 1-p. Kitob + imiz
2-p. Kitob + ing. 2-p Kitob + ingiz
3-p. Kitob + i. 3-p Kitob + lari
As far as plural category is concerned, Uzbek nouns are added the affix of " -lar " to create plural nouns. In English, however, " -s " is added.
o'g'il + lar boy+s
Syntactic category. Before doing some research in syntactic in nouns, it would be appropriate to look the meaning and purpose of syntax. A syntactic category is a unit that studies the theories of syntax.
Word classes ( noun, verb, adjective, preposition, ... ) are the categories of syntax. Word classes are also called or considered as lexical categories. Syntactic category has got three categories:
1) the meaning should be analyzed.
2) what types of affixes it gets.
3) The structure.
Syntax studies the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses and phrases. Moreover, it studies the sentence structures and their relationship of component parts.
The noun are usually used in the sentence in all syntactic functions except predicate. The main functions of the noun are the subject and the object. The other functions are predicative, attributive and adverbial.
The subject : Lucy is my friend.
The object : I saw Lucy yesterday.
The predicative: This is Lucy.
The attribute: This is Lucy's dress.
When it comes to the noun combinability, it can go into right-hand and left-hand side with all parts of speech .
Combinability:
1. Personal combibality with :
noun e.g an entrance to the house, verb e.g to turn round the corner, adjective e.g red in the face, adverb e.g far from her house.
2.Casal combinability:
e.g the boy's room
3. Non-prepositional combinability with another noun
e.g a city centre

Like English language, Uzbek language uses syntax for the same purpose. It studies the units : the phrase and the sentence, the combination of both, types, sentence structure and sentence parts.
A sentence which has communicative feature is an integral unit of speech. It expresses affirmative , question and negative meanings. In Uzbek, the following characteristics a sentence can contain:
1) it owns predication which has modality and time. Also there are meanings including person and number;
2) it owns new information;
3) there is the intention of speaker;
4) it depends on certain speech events;
5) it owns definite intonation.

A criteria is available to analyse the type of a phrase:

1) The syntactical connection of a phrase type;
2) The means of showing the syntactical connection ;
3) The phrase elements' position.
The phrase elements can be both equal or unequal according to the syntax. If we change their position, they will not have any difference in meaning. They are called equipment.
As an example, we can take:
ona va qiz. mother and daughter
uy va hovli home and house
ota va ög'il father and son

If they are unequal in terms of Syntax, one of them usually modifies the other one.

Uzbek sentences are longer than English sentences. Because Uzbek nation likes longer and more colorful language while the English prefer shorter sentences and they are fond of concretization. Because for English nation it is ethical to form such sentences.
Another significant difference is that the word order has a semantic role, the very word comes in the beginning of the sentence:
Men bugun Samarqandga boraman.
Boraman men bugun Samarqandga.
Samarqandga men bugun boraman.
Bugun men Samarqandga boraman.
However, in English language, it is very fixed and the semantics of meaning are meant by other means. There can only be one version of a sentence in English language, yet they own various intonation.
Example:
You cannot help me.
You can't help me!!!
You can't help me?!

In the Uzbek language, the noun in the main agreement performs several other syntactic functions.

1. It comes in the function of section: Science is the jewel of humanity (Bedil).
2. It serves as an explanation: Mother nature wakes up during Navroz.
3. It is used as an adjective: A steel knife does not remain without a scabbard (Proverb). How does a noun that comes in the form of a head agreement come before another noun? what kind answers one of the questions.
4. It comes in the function of case: The stars almost burn (O).
5. Comes as an incentive: Do good, my child, throw away evil! A noun in the subjunctive is not grammatically connected with clauses.
6. The nominative (adjective) comes as a sentence: Subhidam. The sun rose from his bed (T.Q.).
In addition, nouns in the main agreement also act as adverbs and cases in the auxiliary form. For example: You cannot dig a well with a needle (Proverb). As high as the sun, as high as the moon. May the space of the country be decorated with Sep (Uygun).
The noun in the accusative case is grammatically connected with the possessive affix, and the determiner in the sentence acts as a referent. A noun in the accusative case that has a possessive affix attached to it is referred to as a referent. For example: Rice has a grain, evil has a grain (Proverb).
The subjunctive noun refers to the object that takes the action. When the noun in the accusative agreement usually expresses the object that takes the action, i.e., the meaning of the object, who? what? answers the question: Life requires action (Arastu).
Where is the root of the noun in the conjugation meaning orin? He answers the question: Have you made the room? (A. Qahhor). The noise of three trumpets and six trumpets caught the cock (O.).
The subjunctive is formed with the affix -ni: It makes great people work ("Tafakkur gulshani").