I chapter. Name (the noun) as part of speech

I CHAPTER. NAME (THE NOUN) AS PART OF SPEECH

1. 
   GENERAL
   

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers questions: who is it? (Who is this?) Or what is it? (What is this?). Nouns can denote objects and substances (a table, a house, water), living things (a girl, a cat), phenomena and abstract concepts (rain, peace, beauty, work, darkness).

If in Russian the noun is characterized by the presence of three grammatical categories: 1) the case category, expressed by the declension paradigm, consisting of six cases; 2) the category of the number, consisting of two numbers - singular and plural; 3) the categories of the grammatical gender, representing three genders - male, female and middle, having an appropriate morphological expression, then in English the noun is characterized by the presence of two grammatical categories: 1) the category of the number, consisting of two numbers - the only and plural; 2) categories of determinativity (certainty - uncertainty) expressed by articles in the preposition.
As for the case category (The Case), this question in English is still debatable in nature. Depending on the author's approach to this problem, the English language was endowed with a different number of cases. So, M. Day-chbein, who allowed understanding of the case as a combination of the preposition with a noun in the initial form, believed that in the English language there are four cases: nominative, genitive, dative and accusative. However, such an interpretation of the case problem seems to be incorrect, since case is understood as a word form in which there is a corresponding case morpheme in the case of English.
The point of view is considered almost universally accepted, according to which nouns have a class of words that change according to two cases - the nominative and the possessive, framed by the morpheme 's. This is a class of nouns animated and nouns of the semantic field “time”. Thus, from the point of view of the typological characteristic of the case category in the noun, we can note that in English all nouns are divided into two classes: words denoting inanimate objects that do not have a case category, and words denoting living objects and time, having two cases - common and possessive. The semes of possessive case are as follows: objectivity, animation, possessiveness, subjectivity and objectivity.
Almost all nouns in the English language can be used in the nominative case (The Nominative Case), in this form they are given in dictionaries.
The Possessive Case is used when you need to show that one item belongs to another or to some other person. Nouns in the possessive case are almost always accompanied by either a specific article, or some specific or possessive pronoun:
my son’s birthday my son’s birthday
the book’s name is the name of the book.
The possessive case is formed simply - the apo-stanza 'and the suffix -s are added to the base, if the noun is in the plural case and, therefore, already has the -s suffix, then the apostrophe is put after this suffix.
The form of the possessive case is mainly nouns with an objective meaning, as well as the words the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, a ship, but nouns such as “happiness, music, light” cannot be used in the possessive case.
In addition to the basic properties of meaning and form, the noun is characterized by the ability to function in speech, in a sentence. It is known from the normative course of grammar that the main function of the noun-subject is to control the predicate and the complement, while, for example, the main function of the verb is predication, that is, attributing the content of the statement to reality, expressed in the sentence, and the main function of the adverb characteristics of the predicate or definition.
A noun can perform the following functions in a sentence:
1) Subject:
The night was very dark. The night was very dark.
Heat is the energy of the movement of molecules. Heat is the energy of motion of molecules.
2) The nominal part of the predicate:
His father was a miner. His father was a miner.
Heat is a form of energy. Heat is a form of energy.
3) Additions (direct, indirect and prepositional):
The Soviet industry has given the miner (indirect addition) the coal cormbine (direct addition). Soviet industry gave the miner a coal combine.
Uranium can be produced from thorium (prepositional supplement). Uranium can be obtained from thorium.
4) Definitions:
Have you any laboratory experience? Do you have experience in the laboratory (lit. laboratory experience)?
The atomic reactor is encased in a jacket of steel. A nuclear reactor is placed in a steel casing.
5) Circumstances:
Not walked back slowly into the room. He slowly returned to the room.
Bodies are lighter in water than they are in air. Bodies are lighter in water than in air.
It is interesting to note that many countries Generic linguists pay attention to the interaction of a noun and a pronoun. This fact was noted at the time of A.A. Potebnya: “The pronouns, in addition to some words, do not mean relations and connections, but phenomena and perceptions, but denote them not by means of a sign taken from the circle of perceptions themselves, but by the relation to the speaker , that is, indicative. ” “In their grammatical form and in substantive correlation, pronouns can be nouns (me, you), adjectives (mine, this), adverbs (here, there, so). In other words, the signs of dividing into names and pronouns, and into nouns, adjectives ... from a logical point of view ... intersect, ”emphasizes V.M. Zhirmunsky.
N.Yu.Shvedova writes about the connection of pronouns with the concepts of being, action, subject, attribute, quantity, place, commenting on this connection as necessary: ​​the language “created a harmonious and very stable organization of words free of both the naming function and on the function of expressing any kind of dependencies or evaluations and specially designed for the meaning of global concepts of the physical and mental world and those meanings that conceptually fasten different levels of the language and thereby give it the quality of natural integrity ”.
The words of the modern Russian language, diverse in their meanings and grammatical features, are combined into lexical and grammatical categories of words called parts of speech. Among the words of the modern Russian language, first of all, two large, quantitatively heterogeneous categories of words are distinguished - independent (significant) words and official words, modal words, interjections and onomatopoeia constitute a separate group (6, p. 386).

The independent parts of speech either name objects, qualities, quantity, states, actions, or point to them (11, p. 387).

The largest group of words in modern Russian is

group of words related to a noun

D.E. Rosenthal by the noun means "... the part of speech that combines words with the grammatical meaning of objectivity, which is expressed using independent categories of gender, number, case,

animations and inanities ”(14, p. 180).

P.A. The lekant gives the following definition: “A noun is a part of speech that designates an object and expresses the categorical meaning of objectivity in particular grammatical categories of animation / inanimate, gender, number and case” (12, p. 195). Nouns as part of speech can be names of specific objects, things (chair, notebook, hoop), substances (iron, oxygen, gold), living things and organisms (bear, beetle, butterfly), phenomena of objective reality (rain, day, coup ), abstract qualities and properties (kindness, courage, blue), actions and conditions (leisure, running, washing), geographical names (Volga, Krasnodar Territory, China), persons (grandmother, baby, Petya Ivanov) (13, p. 155). Consequently, the meaning of objectivity is an abstract grammatical meaning common to all nouns without exception. To detect the grammatical meaning of objectivity (especially in cases where it is necessary to limit the noun from other parts of speech with close lexical meaning; compare: whiteness - white, one hundred - one hundred, relax - rest), in practice, substitution of pronominal words who and what with generalized subject meaning. Moreover, in contrast to adjectives that express properties and qualities not independently, but as belonging to an object or phenomenon, nouns express abstract properties and qualities (joy, attentiveness, kindness.) Independently, regardless of those objects, phenomena or concepts to which these properties are inherent. (4, p. 190)

The difference in the expression of actions and states by nouns, unlike verbs, is that the action or state expressed by the verb is always flowing in time and is usually associated with the producer, while in the noun this action or state is expressed in an abstract, always in the distraction from the manufacturer and outside the course of time. That is what the words walk and walk, sleep and sleep, drink and drink differ from each other. (3, p. 284)

From a morphological point of view, nouns as subject words are characterized by gender, number and case, as well as the category of animation and inanimate. Any noun, with the exception of those used only in the plural, necessarily refers to one of the three genders, i.e. is either a masculine word (September, scream, writer), or a feminine word (water, mouse, neck), or a middle-class word (window, resume, decision). (9, p.265) Each noun is a singular form (cf. comrade, song, reading) or plural (comrades, songs, dances).

Being in the singular form, nouns either designate one object in a series of homogeneous ones (mirror, order, doubt), or, if used only in the singular, serve as the name of the set, which is in the form of an indecomposable set of homogeneous objects (students, foliage, professors). Being in the plural form, nouns either express an indefinite number of homogeneous objects (mirrors, orders, doubts, sleds, scissors), or, if used only in the plural, denote one object in a series of homogeneous ones (sleds, vices, gates, scissors, trousers ) (3, p. 124) Special values, secondary in origin and not directly related to the concept of numbers, are observed in individual categories of singular and plural forms in real, abstract and proper names.

All nouns are necessarily words used in this or that case (spring comes - named after the pad., Put on a hat - wine. Pad., Went out into the lobby - wine. Pad., Found in the bushes - sentence pad.)

All nouns, finally, are in Russian either words denoting animate (pioneer, father, elephant, sheep), or words denoting inanimate objects (scythe, oak, table, night.).

Animation / inanimation and gender are constant signs of a noun. Number and case are variable attributes of a noun:

nouns can vary by numbers and cases.

The general categorical meaning of objectivity and the particular morphological categories of animation / inanimate, gender, number, and case are the morphological features of the noun proper, which are most important in characterizing the noun as part of speech.

Syntactically for nouns, the most characteristic is the use in a sentence primarily as subject or additions (although they can also act as definitions and circumstances). A striking feature of nouns is also the unlimited ability to be defined by adjectives,

participles, pronouns, and ordinal numbers, which in this case are consistent with them in gender, number and case (large table,

playing children, our house, the second volume two at home). (10, p. 261)

Nouns can also be combined with a verb, an adverb,
impersonal-predicative word (send to brother, barbecue in Georgian,
sorry brother).

Depending on the function of which member of the sentence, nouns appear, they are used in different cases, which, along with prepositions, are, as it were, indicators of their syntactic properties. If a noun appears in a sentence as a subject, it is used in the form of a nominative case, if it is a nominal part of a compound predicate, it should be in the form of either a nominative or in a instrumental; in the functions of the remaining members of the sentence, the noun is used in one of the indirect

cases. (5, p. 293)

The noun as a part of speech and from the point of view of word-formation stands out with specific specific features. As a category of words constantly and very intensively replenished with new formations, nouns have, on the one hand, a system of word formation methods that are characteristic only for them.

Depending on the lexical-semantic and partly grammatical (morphological) signs, all nouns are divided into several lexical-grammatical categories: 1) common and proper; 2) specific; 3) distracted; 4) collective; 5) material; 6) single (13, p. 200).