The verbal image – the tenor – the direct thought; the vehicle – the figurative thought

The verbal image – the tenor – the direct thought; the vehicle – the figurative thought
The old woman is sly like a fox.
Metaphor – explaining the unknown in terms of the known
Personification – abstract ideas or inanimate objects are identified with persons
Metonymy – the name of a thing is replaced by the name of associated thing.
(the abstract stands for the concrete; container-contents; material-thing made of it; the maker for the things made; the instrument for the agent; a part is put for the whole – synecdoche=we need new faces in out company)
Irony – one is said and the opposite is intend: nice weather, isn’t it?
Zeugma – blending together two or more semantically incompatible word groups: She took her breakfast and her bath.
Pun – 1) one word different meanings 2) alike in sound but different in writing and in meaning: the importance of being Earnest, I beg your pardon? I’m not offended.
Epithet – interplay of emotive and logical meanings: cold wind, blue sea, green pen
(simple/word-epithets; compound epithets (apple-faced woman); two-step epithets (a marvelously radiant smile); phrase epithets (I-am-not-that-kind-of-girl look); reversed epithets: compound of two nouns linked of an of-phrase (the shadow of a smile)
Oxymoron – the tenor and the vehicle are diametrically opposite: cold fire;
paradox – a contradictory or absurd: war is peace
Antonomasia – the proper name of a person, who is famous for some of his features, is for a person having the same picture: her husband is an Othello, Mr. Know-All, Mr. Dolittle
Simile – the intensification of some single feature of a thing (as, like) his face remained as immobile as stone
Hyperbole – overstatement or exaggeration of a feature to the object.
understatement – smallness is exaggerated
Periphrases – a roundabout way (перефразирование) used to name some object or phenomenon (logical: the object of his admiration (lady), figurative (imagery – to tight the knot), euphemistic – to pass away)