I introduction

CHAPTER II LINGUISTIC TRANSLATION WITH COMMENTS AND EXAMPLES ON THE TOPIC
2.1 Linguistic Translation Commentary
It has already been mentioned in the pre-translation analysis that these articles are cognitive in nature, and their purpose is to draw attention to the study of the nature of laughter. Many scientists are conducting research in this area of biology. However, the most successful are the works of Professor Richard Provine, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland, and Robert Wiseman, a doctoral student in psychology at the University of Hertfordshire.
In the first article, "The funny business of laughter," in the British magazine BBC Focus, Emma Bailey, the magazine's writing editor, presents research on the physiology of laughter. She mentions an Indian doctor, Madan Kataria, who introduced World Laughter Day, celebrated on May 4, into the calendar. She focuses on the work of Richard Provine, who conducted his own research for twenty years, in which he concluded that laughter is an ancient human habit, and that humor is not considered the main cause of it, as is commonly thought. He came to this conclusion by comparing the behavior of humans and chimpanzees, as they have a common ancestor behind them. Based on this fact, Dr. Marina Davila-Ross, Ph.D., of the University of Portsmouth, draws similarities in facial expressions between humans and chimpanzees. In addition, Provine points out that humans laugh primarily from tickling, and cannot laugh if they tickle themselves. He makes reference in his work to an invented tickling mechanism that was developed by a group of specialists at the University of California. Studies based on the operation of this mechanism have confirmed the fact that one laughs at any tickle except one's own. Among other things, Provine explains the effects of laughter on various aspects of human development and its effect on the functioning of many organ systems. He also discusses the differences in the nature of laughter in the male and female genders and the reasons for these differences. The article concludes with some tips for the proper development of the nature of laughter in humans.
The second article, "LaughLab. The scientific search for the world's funniest joke. Final report" ("LaughLab. The scientific search for the world's funniest joke. Final report"), is a progress report on the work of the British project "LaughLab", held in 2001. The founder of this project is Dr. Robert Wiseman. Founded on the premise that humor, while not paramount, is one of the causes of laughter, Wiseman set out to find the funniest joke in the world, as well as to understand what makes people laugh in different countries. The winning joke belonged to Gurpal Gosall, a psychiatrist from Manchester, United Kingdom. Second place went to a joke by Jeff Anandappa of Blackpool, UK. Mentioned is the name of Dave Barry, a well-known American publicist and humorist who wrote an entire article on the Laugh Lab project, giving advice on the best jokes to send to the project. Dr. Wiseman also presented the best jokes from different regions of the United Kingdom and identified which part of the brain is responsible for the appearance of laughter and the reasons for a person's lack of a sense of humor.
The translation of these articles required the use of transformations. But in order to talk about them in more detail, it is necessary to understand what a translation transformation is. Different researchers give it a different definition. According to A.D. Schweitzer, translation transformations are interlingual operations of reexpression of meaning" [15]. [15]. T.A. Kazakova defines a translation transformation as follows: "Transformations, with the help of which it is possible to make a transition from the units of the original to the units of translation in the specified sense, are called translation (inter-lingual) transformations". [11]. Consequently, a transformation is a change in the translated word, phrase or sentence. There is no general classification of translation transformations as such. However, most people agree that transformations fall into the following categories:
1. Grammar;
2. lexical;
3. Complex.
All the transformations used in translating the articles are listed in detail in the table below.⁶