I introduction

CHAPTER I JUSTIFICATION FOR THE USE OF AN adequate translation strategy in the translation of a popular science text
1.1 Pre-translation analysis of the source text
The basis of this term paper are two articles devoted to the scientific study of laughter in human physiology. The title of the first paper, "The funny business of laughter," translates as "The tricks of laughter. The title of the second paper is "LaughLab. The scientific search of the world's funniest joke. Final report," translated into Russian as "LaughLab. The scientific search of the world's funniest joke. Final report." The volume of text of these articles is 16437 and 17190 characters with spaces. The first paper was published in May 2008 in the British journal Focus. The second article is the final report of the British project "Laugh Lab," implemented as part of the Year of Science in Britain in October 2001, and was published on the official site of the project in the same year. The articles are of a popular science nature. Consequently, it should be noted that these works belong to the field of science such as neurobiology, which studies the structure of the nervous system and the physiology of human behavior, namely they are devoted to the study of the physiology of laughter. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the content of articles is mixed, that is, it has both cognitive and emotional and operational orientation. Alexeeva I. S. In her work generalizing the characteristics of popular science texts says the following: "With all the abundance of means of conveying emotional and aesthetic information, the cognitive components in a popular science text are dominant, which allows us to refer it to primordial-cognitive texts". [1, с. 274].
The presence of abbreviations (UK, US(A) - USA, NASA - NASA), various numerical designations (2001, over 40,000 - over 40,000, 6.03 in the evening - 18:03) is observed in the text. In addition, there are abbreviations (Prof, Dr., chimps, I'm, they've, don't, lab), money signs and temperature signs ($, °C). All of the above factors, as well as the presence of graphic images tell us that the text has a medium density of information.
As for the translation of the titles of the articles, it should be noted that in the first case adequate translation using metaphor and grammatical substitution of the number category of the noun (business) was used. In the second article, the adequate translation was also used, but with a slightly different word order (the world's funniest joke).
The articles belonging to the popular-scientific sub-style gives grounds to say that the texts have peculiar lexical, stylistic and grammatical features, which distinguish them from the works belonging to other styles and genres.
The lexical composition of these articles is very diverse. As mentioned above, the articles have a popular science orientation, therefore, the texts of these works contain a large number of terms and scientific vocabulary related to the field of neurobiology and biology in general (neuroscientist - neurobiologist, beta-endorphins, cardiovascular system, frontal lobes, hormones, cortisol, endothelium, immune system, immunoglobulin.) The presence of vocabulary belonging to such field of science as linguistics (linguistic and cognitive components) is noted. In addition, there are adverbs formed from the names of other areas of scientific activity (astronomically, astrologically in terms of astrology, horologically referring to the science of time, meteorologically meteorologically, theologically in terms of theology). An interesting feature of the content of these articles is the use of the names of objects related to astronomy (Saturn, Leo). However, along with scientific terminology in the content there are neologisms (rough-and-tumble play, giggleometer), as well as jargonisms (idiot, jackass, silly cow).
Grammatically, the text is filled with compound sentences consisting of two or more bases, mostly with a subordinating conjunction (Kataria, who introduced this annual event 10 years ago, says we need more laughter in our lives... - Kataria, who introduced this annual event 10 years ago, says we need more laughter in our lives... ). However, there are sentences with a conjunction (LaughLab captured the public's imagination - we received over 40,000 jokes and almost 2 million ratings). In addition, sentence constructions are complicated by qualifiers (But one scientist, Robert Provine, who has spent nearly two decades studying laughter... - However, one scientist, Robert Provine, who has spent nearly two decades studying laughter...). Along with these there is a large number of participles (... only 15-20 per cent of everyday comments preceding laughter are remotely humorous) and appeals (Watson, look up at the sky... - Watson, look up at the sky...). It is important to pay attention to the use of the passive voice in the structure of sentences (Media is considered to be a social stimulus... - Media is considered to be a social stimulus,...). We should also note the presence of exclamatory (The driver just insulted me!) and interrogative sentences (How does humour relate to laughter?) as well as dialogic speech (He gasps, "My friend is dead! What can I do?" The operator ... says, "Calm down." He gasps and says to the operator, "My friend is dead! What can I do?" The operator ... said: "Just calm down.").
Despite the fact that the articles belong to the scientific style, which does not imply the use of stylistic means, their presence in the text can still be traced. This is explained by the fact that the text contains a number of anecdotes, the basis of which in most cases are these very stylistic means. Based on this, it is necessary to note the presence of personification (A turtle was walking down an alley in New York when he was mugged by a gang of snails.), comparison (I want to die peacefully in my sleep like my grandfather. - I want to die peacefully in my sleep like my grandfather.) as well as epithets (beautiful day, small and insignificant part of the universe).
From a pragmatic point of view, it is important to point out that these articles have an exclusively positive impact on the reader. Their main purpose is, first, to draw readers' attention to the problem of the lack of research on human physiology, namely the study of the nature of laughter. Second, to find the funniest joke in the world, since humor is one of the causes of laughter in humans, but as it turns out, not the main one. Third, to give some guidelines for the proper development of the nature of laughter in man.
The popular-scientific nature of the articles does not permit the use of a free-floating type of translation. The most appropriate strategy in this case is to use adequate translation. In addition, when translating individual word combinations and sentence parts, a literal translation strategy is allowed (we have asked people from all around the world to submit their favorite jokes).
Komissarov V.N. distinguishes five types of equivalence in translation [7, p. 52-78]: pragmatic (at the level of communication purpose), situational (at the level of situation), semantic (at the level of message or text), grammatical (at the level of sentence/statement) and structural (at the level of language signs (words). The most appropriate type of equivalence when translating these articles is the third - semantic - level of equivalence. This choice is explained by the fact that this type is the best way to convey the content of articles, preserving their meaning and without losing the completeness of the information conveyed, while at the same time not conveying the content in the most detailed way, turning it into a rambling verbatim text. In addition, it should be noted the use in some cases of the fourth - grammatical level of equivalence, which contributes to the adequate transfer of the content of some sentences.
It is important to note that the content of the articles does not require the reader to have a high level of education and deep knowledge in the field of neurobiology and physiology in order to fully understand it. Further, it should be mentioned that the texts of the articles are not only intended for adult readers, but are also designed for adolescent audiences. There is also no need to take gender into account.
An integral part of the analysis is the choice of the translation model. In this case, we should again refer to the works of V. N. Komissarov, who distinguished three translation models [6, p. 153-158]: situational, transformational, and psycholinguistic. Based on this classification, the preferred model of translation of these articles is transformational, as the translation uses a large number of transformations, both grammatical and lexical and complex. Different translation techniques were also used: transliteration in translation of proper names (Madan Kataria), calibration in translation of physiological concepts ("ha-ha" sound) and transcription (Wiseman).