I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
)istrict, Punjab, situated in 2 9
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- HASANPUR TATfSlL 5 9
- If ASS A j Y fJIS TfUC T
- G 2 HASSAN DISTRICT
- ILLSSAX DISTRICT
1 )istrict, Punjab, situated in 2
°
' N. and 70° 8' E., at the foot of the Sulaiman Hills. Population (1901), 715. Tradition connects the site with the Greek invasion, and derives the name from one Hari, a slave of Alexander. The existing remains are of Hindu origin, and dale back to a time before the Muhammadan conquest. A consider able fort, built by the Sikhs in 1836, is now occupied by a detach ment of frontier cavalry and infantry. Harsud.—North-eastern tahsll of Nimar District, Central Provinces, lying between 21 0 38' and 22 0 25' N. and 76° 25' and 77 0 13' E., with an area of 1,089 square miles. The population of the area now form ing the tahsll was 54,998 in 1901, and 44,155 in 1891. The density is 51 persons per square mile, and there are 291 inhabited villages. The head-quarters, Harsud, is a village of only 1,098 inhabitants, 33 miles from Khandwa on the railway line towards ltarsi. Excluding 543 square miles of Government forest, 68 per cent, of the available area is occupied HASANPUR TATfSlL 5 9 for cultivation. The cultivated area in 1903-4 was 276 square miles. The demand for land revenue in the same year was Rs. 1,23,000, and for cesses Rs. 12,000. The tahs'il was formed in 1896 by the transfer of the Charwa tract from Hoshangabad District and of some villages from the Khandwa tahsil, with the object of settling this large area of cultivable waste land on the ryotwdri system. About 160 ryotwdri villages have been established in the tahsil, which was enlarged in 1904 by the transfer of another tract from Hoshangabad. The land gener ally is broken and uneven, and covered over considerable areas with forest. . Harua.—Village in the Basirhat subdivision of the District of the Twenty-four Parganas, Bengal, situated in 22 0 37' N. and 88° 41' E. Population (1901), 705. It is the scene of a fair held every February in honour of Pir Gora Chand, a Muhammadan saint, who lived 600 years ago and whose bones (hdr) are buried here. The fair lasts for a week. Hasanparti.—Town in the District and taluk of Warangal, Hyder abad State, situated in 18 0 5' N. and 79 0 31' E. Population (1901), 5,378. The special feature of the town is that it contains about a hundred houses of weavers, who are engaged in making silk sans and other silk cloths, and also in manufacturing silk from tasar gathered by the Dandra tribe. It contains a State school where Urdu and Telugu are taught, and also a police station. In the neighbourhood iron ore is found, from which iron and steel are manufactured in small quantities, and used by the ryots for implements of husbandry. A temple of Venkateshwar Swami is situated in the town, and a religious fair is held annually. Hasanpur Tahsil.—Western tahsll of Moradabad District, United Provinces, conterminous with the pargana of the same name, lying along the Ganges between 28° 26' and 29 0 4' N. and 78° 4' and 78° 26' E., with an area of 547 square miles. Population increased from 153,680 in 1891 to 161,020 in 1901. 'There are 530 villages and three towns, the largest of which are
(population, 9,579)» the tahs'il head-quarters, and
(7,452). 'The demand for land revenue in 1903-4 was Rs. 1,90,000, and for cesses Rs. 34,000. The density of population, 294 persons per square mile, is the lowest in the District. The east of the tahs'il consists of a high sandy tract, which suffers from either excess or deficiency of rainfall. Between this and the Ganges lies a stretch of low khddar land with bleak sand) wastes, reed jungle alternating with patches of rich cultivation. The Mahawa rises in the khadar, while a long winding marsh marks its eastern boundary at the foot of the sandy ridge. In 1902 3 the area under cultivation was 315 square miles, of which only 16 were irrigated, chiefly from wells. HA SAX/'UR TO IIX Hasanpur Town.—Head quarters of the fa/isll of the same name in Moradabad District, United Provinces, situated in 28° 44' N. and 78° 17' E., 33 miles west of Moradabad city. Population (1901), 9,5 79. The town derives its name from Hasan Khan, who founded it in [634. It contains a dispensary and a branch of the American Methodist Mission. It is administered under Act XX of 1856, with an income of about Rs. 2,000. Its trade is purely local; but a small quantity of very good cloth is made. The middle school has 125 pupils. Hasht-Bhaiya Jaglrs.—A collection of petty
States in
Central India, under the Bundelkhand Agency. These jagirs were originally a part of Orchha State. About 1690 Maharaja Udot Singh of Orchha gave his brother, Dlwan Rai Singh, the jagir of Baragaon (now in Jhansi District). On his death the jtigir was subdivided into eight
Tarauli, Chirgaon, Dhurwai, Bijxa, Tori-Fatehpur, and Baxka-
Pahari. The
first three
subsequently became
merged in
other holdings, while Chirgaon was confiscated in 1841 for the rebellion of the jaglrdar Bakht Singh, leaving four shares. The dismember ment of Orchha by the Marathas and the formation of the Jhansi State led to constant disputes as to the suzerainty over these holdings. After the establishment of British supremacy, it was decided in 1821 that the jaglrdars were directly dependent on the British Government, through whom the tribute levied by the Jhansi State should be paid, but that the jdgirdars should continue the usual observances to the Orchha chief as the head of the family. These conditions were embodied in the sa/iads granted to the jdgirdars in 1821 and 1823. Hashtnagar (‘ Eight cities ’).—Tract in the Charsadda talml of Peshawar District, North-West Frontier Province, comprising a strip of country that extends 10 miles eastward from the Swat river, and stretches from the hills on the north to the Kabul river on the south, between 34 0 3' and 34 0 25' N. and 71 0 37' and 71° 57' E. It is said to derive its name from its eight chief villages, which probably occupy the site of the ancient Peukelaotis or Pushkalavati. General Cunningham, however, believed the modern term to be a corruption of Hastinagara, the city of Hasti, the Astes of Arrian. Raverty gave the old name as Ashnagar, but he does not explain its derivation. Before the Vusufzai Afghans settled in the Peshawar valley, Hasht nagar was held by the Shalmanis, a Tajik race, subjects of the Sultan of Swat, and the Hisar of Hashtnagar was the capital of a province which extended to the Kalpani. After Babar’s time it became the stronghold of a Muhammadzai chieftain. The inhabitants are Muham- madzai Pathans. The area is 303 square miles, and the tract is naturally divided into two sections : the s/10/gira, or lowlands, irrigated from the Swat river : and the maim, or high plain, which is inter-
If ASS A j Y fJIS TfUC T sectecl by the Swat River Canal. Near the head of the (.anal is A b a z a i Fort.
Hassan District. District in the west of the State of Mysore, lying between 12 0 31' and 1 3 0 33' X. and 75 0 23' and 76° 38' E., with an area of 2,647 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Kadur District ; on the east by Tumkur and Mysore Districts ; on the south by Coorg ; and on the west by the South Kanara District of Madras. The main body of the District consists of the H e m a v a t i river
basin. The only exceptions are the west of Manjarabad, which drains to the Xetravati in South Kanara ; and the Arsikere taluk, whose waters run north to the Yedavati in Physical . ’
. aspects.
Clntaldroog District. The Cauvery flows through a small portion of the south,. The course of the Hemavati is first south in Manjarabad, then east from the Coorg border to beyond Hole-Narsipur, where it turns south and runs into the Cauvery in Mysore District. Its chief tributary is the Yagaehi from the Belur taluk, which joins it near Gorur in the Hassan taluk. The Manjarabad side of the District, resting on the brow of the Western Ghats, forms part of the Male-slme or Malnad, the ‘hill country,’ the remainder being Maidan or Bayal-sTme, the ‘ plain coun try,’ also called Mudu-sime or ‘ east country.’ The mountains forming the western limit extend from Jenkalbetta in the north to the Bisale
betta (4,558 feet), Murkangudda (4,265 feet\ Devarbetta (4,206 feet), and the towering height of Subrahmanya or Pushpagiri (5,626 feet). Low' ranges of granitic hills run along the north, through the Belur, Hassan, and Arsikere taluks, marking the watershed which separates the Kistna and Cauvery river systems. Indrabetta (3.309 feet) at Sravana Belgola is noted for the colossal Jain statue on its summit. Some low hills pass through the Hole-Narsipur taluk towards Hassan and Channarayapatna. The Malnad or highland region occupies the whole of Manjarabad and the west of Helur. It has been thus graphically described :— ‘The country is generally undulating till on approaching the Ghats, when it becomes precipitous. Perhaps there is no scenery in India more beautiful than the southern part of this tract, adjoining the north west of Coorg. It for the most part resembles the richest park scenery in England. Hills covered with the finest grass or equally verdant crops of grain, adorned and crowned with clumps of noble forest trees, in some instances apparently planted most carefully, and certainly with perfect taste. The highest and the most beautiful knolls have been generally selected as the spots on which to build the small maths and other places of worship with which the country abounds ; and the groves that surround or are in the vicinity of these are tended with the greatest care, and the trees composing them replaced as they
G 2 HASSAN DISTRICT die off or are blown down. The southern differs from the more northerly and westerly parts in the absence of those dense jungles which obscure the view, and in the soft character of the hills, which are in most instances quite free from the stunted date, and smooth as the lawn of a villa on the Thames. But the whole taluk is beautiful, and less wooded than Coorg or Nagar, though greatly partaking of the features of both.’ The Maidan or lowland tract, forming the largest and most populous portion of the District, consists of an undulating plain country, generally cultivated, but having extensive kdvals or grazing lands. Patches covered with the wild date are common, and in some parts are limited tracts of stunted jungle growing upon a gravelly, gritty soil. The high-lying lands, particularly in the Hassan, Channarayapatna, and Holc-Narsipur taluks, have a singularly bare and bleak appearance, and are frequently so stony that they are unfit for cultivation. They form, however, good catchment basins for tanks, and the valleys below are rich and well wooded. Throughout the District, kaolin, felspar, quartz, and other materials suitable for the manufacture of earthenware are abundant. Kankar, a tufaceous nodular limestone, is found in many parts, and is the only form of limestone known. It occurs in alluvial valleys and on the banks of some streams, under or mixed with coloured clay. Potstone, from which the images at HalebTd are carved, is found at places in the Hassan and Belur taluks. Hematite iron ore is obtained from the Bagadi hills in the Arsikere taluk, associated with granitic rocks, broken by trap protrusions. Gold-mining was commenced a few years ago at Harnhalli and Kempinkote, but has been abandoned on account of the poor results obtained. The vegetation found in this District is generally the same as in Kadur District and in Coorg. The portion occupying the Western Ghats (eastern face) possesses a splendid arborescent flora perhaps unrivalled in any other part of India. The temperature of Hassan is slightly lower than that of Bangalore, the mean reading of the thermometer being 73 0 , and the daily range about 20° The maximum has reached 98° in April, while the minimum has touched 43 0 in January. The heat during the months of March and April is much modified by the sea-breeze from the western coast, and by light fogs in the mornings and evenings. The temperature of the Malnad is some degrees lower, but this scarcely compensates for the malaria which is prevalent. European settlers generally suffer from fever after the early rains ; but they soon grow acclimatized, and are ultimately better able to withstand it than the natives themselves, numbers of whom succumb each year to its attacks. The annual rainfall at Hassan averages 33 inches; but the country bordering on the Western Ghats HIS TOR I has a much heavier fall, the annual average at Sakleshpur being 84 inches, and at Aigur as high as 100. Even this is exceeded at some of the western coffee estates, the average at Byakarvalli estate being 110 inches, and at Hulhalli estate 120. During the south-west monsoon, May to August, the rainfall is continuous, with a few slight breaks. The sotie or drizzling rain extends as far as Grama, 8 miles east of Hassan, and the condition of the surrounding vegetation distinctly shows the lines of demarcation which separate the Malnad from the Maidan country. The north-east monsoon also reaches the District, and the heavy rain in October is of great value in filling the tanks in the Maidan. The earliest event supported by any evidence was a migration of Jains from Ujjain under the leadership of Bhadrabahu, in order to escape a dreadful famine of twelve years’ duration which he History had predicted. He was accompanied by Chandra ’ Gupta, said to be the great Maurya emperor. While the emigrants were on their way to Punnata (south Mysore), Bhadrabahu died at Sravana Belgola, attended in his last moments by Chandra Gupta, who remained there till his own death twelve years later. These occurrences are recorded in ancient rock inscriptions at Sravana Belgola. They invested the place with a sanctity which led to the well-known Jain settlement there. The country is said to have been prosperous and well populated, but to whom it belonged is not stated. The Kadambas, whose capital was at Banavasi, were ruling in the west of the District in the fourth and fifth centuries, and also again in some part of the eleventh. But the greater portion of the country was under the Gangas, whose inscriptions occur in all parts. Their general and minister, Chamunda Raya, erected the colossal Jain image of Gomata on the highest hill at Sravana Belgola about 983. The Cholas overthrew the Ganga power in 1004, and the Changalvas in the south-west and the Kongalvas in Arkalgud became subject to them. But the rise of the Hoysalas stopped their progress farther north. These sprang from a line of chiefs in the Western Ghats to the north of Manjarabad, and made Dorasamudra (now Halebld in the Belur taluk) their capital. Vishnuvardhana of this line, about 1116, drove the Cholas out of Mysore. Ballala II (1173-1209) carried the Hoysala dominions up to the river Kistna, making Lakkundi in Dharwar his residence for some time. The king Somesvara (1233-54) extended the kingdom southwards over the Chola country, where he took up his abode at Kannanur near Trichinopoly. The Hoysala power was brought to an end in the fourteenth century by Muhammadan invasions from Delhi. But in 1336 was founded the Yijayanagar empire, under which the Manjarabad country and Belur were given to a line of chiefs who continued in power with intervals till the nineteenth century. Meanwhile most of the District had been conquered by the Mysore Rajas in the seventeenth century. The Channarayapatna fort was built in 1648 by
64 ILLSSAX DISTRICT treaty with Bijapur, no doubt to mark the limits of the two territories. Sivappa Naik, the Keladi chief of Bednur, opposed the Mysore con quests, and not only held Manjarabad but bestowed Belur and other parts on the fugitive Vijayanagar king, who had taken refuge with him, even invading Seringapatam in 1646 on his behalf. Peace was eventually concluded between the two powers in 1694, by which six nads of Man jarabad were restored to the old chiefs, and the rest divided between the contending parties. When Haidar subdued Bednur in 1763, Man jarabad was allowed to remain in the hands of the chiefs on paying tribute. After the fall of Seringapatam it was absorbed into Mysore. Within this District are included some of the most remarkable arch aeological monuments in India. Of the colossal Jain image of Gomata at Sravana Belgola, Fergusson says—‘ Nothing grander or more imposing exists anywhere out of Egypt.’ It is a monolith, 57 feet high, in the human form, nude, with 110 support above the thighs, and stands on the summit of a granite hill 400 feet high. It was erected by Chamunda Raya, as inscribed at its foot in the Marathi, Kanarese, and Tamil languages, in Nagari, Hala-Kannada, and Grantha and Vatteluttu char acters respectively. Its date is about 983, and it belongs to the Ganga period. Among architectural monuments, the Chenna Kesava temple at Belur and the Hoysalesvara at Halebld take the first rank. They are in the Chalukyan style, and were erected under the Hoysalas in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Fergusson praises the great temple at Halebld, as one of the buildings 011 which the advocate of Hindu archi tecture would desire to take his stand ; and he says that the minute elaboration of the carving in both may probably be considered as one of the most marvellous exhibitions of human labour to be found even in the patient East. The artistic combination of horizontal with vertical lines, and the play of outline and of light and shade, far surpass anything in Gothic art. The effects are just what mediaeval architects were often aiming at, but which they never attained so perfectly as was done at Halebld. The ruined Kedaresvara at Halebld, which is now being restored, he pronounced to be one of the most exquisite specimens of Chalukyan architecture in existence, and one of the most typical. There are also striking examples of the same style in ruined temples at Arsikere. Harnhalli, Koramangala, Hire-Kadlur, and other places in the District. The inscriptions of the District have been translated and published. The population at each Census in the last thirty years was: (1871) 518,987, (1S81) 428,344, (1891) 511,975, and (1901) 568,919. The . decrease in 1881 was due to the famine of 1876-8. ' By religion, in 1901 there were 541,531 Hindus, 16,668 Musalmans, 5,035 Animists. 3,795 Christians, 1,874 Jains, and 16 ‘ others.’ The density of population was 215 persons per square mile, that for the State being 1S5. The number of towns is 14, and of viU
AGRICULTURE 65 lages 2,546. The
head-quarters arc
at H assax T own (population, 8,241). The following table gives the principal statistics of population in 1901 :— Tâluk. Area in square miles. Number of c/> s C bO > Cj
0 = H >
Population. Population per square mile. Percentage of | variation in population be tween i
qi
ami 1901. Number of persons able to i read and write.
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