I m p e r I a L g a z e t t ee r o f I n d I a vol. X i I i
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U p p e r G a n g e s C a n a l are situated on this branch, between Mayapur and Kankhal. The town has grown considerably since the early part of the nineteenth century. At the present day the great object of attraction is the bathing ghat, called Harl-ka-eharan or Harl- ki-pairi (‘Vishnu’s footprint’), with the adjoining temple of Ganga dwara. A stone on the wall of the ghat bears the footmark, which is an object of special reverence. Pilgrims struggle to be the first to plunge into the pool on great occasions, and stringent police regulations are required to prevent the crowd from trampling one another to death. In 181 y, 430 persons, including some sepoys on guard, lost their lives in this manner, and the ghat was enlarged. The great assemblage of pilgrims is held annually on the first day of the month of Baisakh, the commencement of the Hindu solar year, when the sun enters Aries. Every twelfth year the planet Jupiter is in the sign Aquarius (Kumbh) at this time, and the occasion is considered one of special sanctity, the fair being called the Kumbh mela. In 1796 the attendance was estimated at 2± millions, and in 1808 at 2 millions. These were probably exaggerations, as the number at ordinary fairs was later found to be only about 100,000, and at the Kumbh mela about 300,000. In 1892 the fair was broken up on account of an outbreak of cholera, and the vast concourse of people sent off by rail before the great bathing day. The result of this action was the formation of the Hardwar Improvement Society, supported by contributions from Hindus all over India, which has introduced various sanitary reforms. The bottom
H A R I A X A of the pool has been paved, and the current of the Ganges directed so as to secure a constant strong flow of water, while an iron railing has been erected to prevent bathers from being carried away. Another sacred pool, called Bhimgoda, has been enlarged and paved, and water is now supplied from the Ganges. The society also furnished part of the funds required to bridge a torrent-bed lying between the station and the town. Plague broke out in 1897, but was quickly suppressed. A few more cases took place in J89S, and the measures adopted to prevent the spread led to a riot. The numbers at the fair have decreased considerably since plague appeared. The total at any one time is also affected by the fact that pilgrims now visit Hard war throughout the year, instead of only on the fixed days. On the great bathing day at the Kumbh mela of 1903 about 400,000 persons were present. Cholera, however, broke out ; and although the cases at Hard war were few, the disease was carried by the pilgrims into the hill tracts leading to the Himalayan shrines. In early days riots and bloody fights were of common occurrence amid the excited throng. In 1760, on the great bathing day, the rival mobs of gosains and imirdgls had a long battle, in which 1,800 are said to have perished. In 1795 the Sikh pilgrims slew 500 of the gosai/is. Timur plundered and massacred a great concourse of pilgrims here shortly after seizing Delhi in 1398. In 1894 it was anticipated that the flood caused by the
would damage the town and head-works of the canal ; but the river rose only 12 feet, and the damage was not excessive. The trade of the town is confined to supplying the wants of the pilgrims and to the through traffic with Dehra. Branches of the American Methodist Mission are maintained at Jwalapur and Kankhal. The Hard war Union municipality was constituted in 1868, and includes the two villages of Mayapur and Kankhal. The income and expenditure from 1892 to 1901 averaged about Rs. 43,000. In 1903-4 the income was Rs. 91,000, of which Rs. 31,000 was derived from octroi, Rs. 20,000 from a loan, and Rs. 33,000 from the pilgrim tax. The expenditure was 1-2 lakhs; chiefly on the fair, Rs. 84,000. Hareshwar.—
in Janjira State, B o m b a y . See D e v g a k h . Hariana. —A tract of country in the Punjab, lying between 28° 30' and 30° \ T . and 75 0 45' and 76° 30' E., chiefly in the eastern half of Hissar District, but also comprising part of Rohtak District and of the States of Jlnd and Patiala. It is in shape an irregular oval, with its long axis lying north-west and south-east. On the north-west it is bounded by the Ghaggar valley ; 011 the west, south-west, and south by the Hagar and Dhundauti, or sandy tracts which are the continuation of the Bikaner desert ; on the east by the Jumna riverain; and on the north east by the Nardak country, from which it is divided by a line roughly coinciding with the alignment of the Southern Punjab Railway. The 5 4 11 ARIANA name of Hariana is most probably derived from kari (‘ green ’), and is reminiscent of a time when this was a rich and fertile tract. Archaeo logical remains show that the country watered by the SaraswatT was once the scene of a flourishing Hindu civilization ; and the records of Timur’s invasion mention the sugar-cane jungles of Tohana, a proof that at any rate the valley of the Ghaggar was at that time of high fertility, though the country near llissar seems already to have been dry and arid. The chief events in the history of the tract will be found in the article on
At the end of the eighteenth century Hariana was a veritable no-man’s-land, acknowledging no master and tempting none. Lying at the point where the three powers, Sikh, Bhatti, and Maratha, met, it covered an area of nearly 3,000 square miles of depopulated country. Its thousand towns and villages had once produced a revenue of 14 lakhs, but now yielded less than 3 lakhs. The tract thus lay open to attack; and in 1797-8 the adventurer George Thomas, who held the fief of Jhajjar from the Marathas, took part of Kanhari and overran Hariana as far as the Ghaggar. At Hansi, which he found a desert, he established his capital, with a mint and arsenal. He next planned the conquest of the Punjab to the Indus, and actually advanced as far as the Sutlej. His successes appeared to have firmly established his power, and he built Georgegarh or Jahazgarh ; but in 1801 he succumbed after a heroic struggle to the overwhelming power of Perron, De Boigne’s successor in Sindhia’s service. After the capture of Hansi by Bourquin, Hariana passed for a short time into the hands of the Marathas, and in 1803 came under British rule ; a native governor was placed in charge of the Districts of Hariana and Rohtak, but British authority was not actually established till 1810. Hariana Town.—Town in the District and fa/tsii of Hoshiarpur, Punjab, situated in 31 0 38' N. and 72 0 52' E., 9 miles from Hoshiarpur. Population (1901), 6,005. Erom 1846 to i860 it was the head-quarlers of the taJisIl. Its chief trade is in sugar. The municipality was created in 1867. The income and expenditure during the ten years ending 1902-3 averaged Rs. 3,000. In 1903-4 the income was Rs. 3,200, chiefly derived from octroi; and the expenditure was Rs. 3,100. It maintains a vernacular middle school, and the town has a dispensary. Harihar. —Head-quarters of a sub-idlttk in the Davangere taluk of Chitaldroog District, Mysore, situated in 14 0 31' N. and 75 0 48' E., on the Tungabhadra river and the Southern Mahratta Railway. Population (1901), 5,783. According to tradition, it was the stronghold of a giant named Guha or Guhasura, who by his austerities had won from Brahma the boon of immunity from death at the hands of either llarl (Vishnu) or Hara (Siva). To relieve gods and men from his torment and break the spell, the two gods united into the one form Harihara and destroyed him. It was at an eaily period an agrahlra for Brahmans, favoured by
ITARIPUR TOWN 5 5 the Chalukyas and other royal lines. In the twelfth century it was included in Nonambavadi, governed by the Pandyas of Uchchangi. The fine temple of Hariharesvara was built in 1223 under the Hoysalas, by their general Polalva. The Seunas afterwards held it, and their general Saluva Tikkama added some buildings in 1277. Many bene factions were bestowed down to the sixteenth century by the Vijayanagar kings, one of the founders of which line assumed the name of Harihara- Raya. After the fall of Vijayanagar the place was seized by the Tarikere chiefs, who erected the fort. From them it was taken by the Nawab of Savanur, who granted it in jaglr to Sher Khan. While in possession of the Muhammadans the temple was left intact, but the roof was used for a mosque, a small Saracenic doorway being made in the tower for the pulpit. Harihar was afterwards sold to Bednur, and later held by the Marathas till taken by Haidar All in 1763, since which time it has been thrice captured by the Marathas. Until 1865 a Native regiment was stationed in the cantonment 2 miles north-west of Harihar. In 1868 was completed the fine bridge across the Tungabhadra for the trunk road towards Bombay. There is now also a separate bridge for the railway. The municipality dates from 1871. The receipts and expen diture during the ten years ending 1901 averaged Rs. 5,700 and Rs. 5,600. In x903-4 they were Rs. 4,000. Haringhata.— Estuary
the Ganges. See M a d h u m a t L Haripur Tahsil.— Tahsll of Hazara District, North-West Frontier Province, lying between 33 0 44' and 34 0 18' N. and 72 0 33' and 73 0 14'
E., with an area of 657 square miles. It is bounded on the north west by the Indus. The tahsil consists of a sloping plain, from 1,500 to 3,000 feet high, through which the Si ran and Harroh flow. Low hills are dotted here and there over the plain. The population in 1901 was 151,638, compared with 142,856 in 1891. It contains the town of H a r i p u r (population, 5,578), the head-quarters; and 31 r villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 1,72,000. Haripur Town (1).—Head-quarters of the HarTpur tahsil of Hazara District, North-West Frontier Province, situated in 34 0 N. and 7 2 0 57'
E., on the left bank of the Dor river, and on the road from Hassan Abdal to Abbottabad. Population (1901), 5,578. HarTpur was iounded about 1822 by Sardar HarT Singh, the Sikh governor of Hazara, and on annexation became the head-quarters of the District, but was abandoned in favour of Abbottabad in 1853. An obelisk marks the grave of Colonel Canara, a European officer of the Sikh Artillery, who fell in . 1848 defending his guns single-handed against the insurgents under Chattar
Singh. The
municipality was
constituted in
1867. The
income and expenditure during the ten years ending 1902-3 averaged Rs. 17,800. In 1903-4 the income and expenditure were Rs. 19,100 5 r > i f A R I P I 1 R T O I I W and Rs. 20,100 respectivelv. The town possesses a dispensary and a municipal middle school.
(2).- Old fort and village in the Dera Gopipur tahsil of Kangra District, Punjab, situated in 32 0 N. and 76° io' E., on the banks of the Banganga stream, 9 miles south-west of Kangra fort. Population (1901), 2,243. It w a s founded in the thirteenth century by liar! Chand, the Katoch Raja of Kangra, whose brother had succeeded to the throne of Kangra on the Raja’s supposed death. Har! Chand had really fallen into a dry well while out hunting ; and when he was extricated and heard of his brother’s accession, he resigned his right and founded the town and fort of Haripur opposite Goler, making it the head-quarters of a separate principality. It continued to be the capital of the State until 1813, when it was treacherously seized by RanjTt Singh. A younger branch of the Goler family still lives in the town, but the elder branch resides in the neighbouring village of Nandpur, and HarTpur is now of little importance. Hari Rud. -One of the largest rivers in Afghanistan, with a total length of not less than 500 miles. It rises (34 0 50' N., 66° 20' E.) at a point where the Koh-i-Baba range branches off into the Siah-Biibak and Safed Koh ranges, which form its northern and southern watersheds. After a westerly course of about 280 miles past Herat and Ghorian, where it affords considerable irrigation, it turns northwards at Kuhsan to Sarakhs, and forms part of the western boundary of Afghanistan, finally losing itself in the Tejend oasis. Harischandragarh. —Fort in the Akola tdluka of Ahmadnagar District, Bombay, situated in 19 0 23' N. and 73 0 46' E., 19 miles south-west of Akola, and one of the most interesting points on the Western Ghats; 4,691 feet above sea-level. 'The fort and the temples on the summit are annually visited by numerous pilgrims 011 the occasion of the festival called Maha Sivaratri. The ascent from the Poona side is very arduous. The visitors bathe in a masonry reservoir near the temples, apparently of Hemadpanti origin, and a fair is held in the vicinity. On a peak half a mile east of the summit is the citadel, with decaying walls and ruined cistern. There are five eaves below the fort, apparently dating from the tenth or eleventh century. From the level plain on the top of the hill the cliff drops 2,000 feet sheer to the Konkan, to which access was formerly gained by rope and pulley. In the last Maratha War Harischandragarh was taken in May, 1818, by Captain Sykes.
—Railway station and village in Baluchistan, on the Sind- Pishin section of the North-Western Railway, situated in 30° 6' N. and 67° 56' E., at an elevation of 3,000 feet. It lies in the valley of the same name in the Shahrig iaksil of the Sibi District, and is the starting-point of the road for Loralai (55^ miles) and for Fort / 1A R/’A ¿VA //A L I. / TAL UK Sandeman (168 miles), with which it is connected by a cart-road. Harnai contains a small bazar, police station, dispensary, and dak- bungalow. Harnai (2).—Port in the Dapoli tdluka of Ratnagiri District, Bombay, situated in 17 0 49' N. and 73 0 6' E., 56 miles north-west of Ratnagiri town. Population (1901), 6,245, including about 400 Christians. The port lies in a small rocky bay, and is a shelter for coasting craft in north west winds. In 1S18 Harnai was a station for British troops. The ordinary trade is small, but there is a brisk fish market from September to June. In 1903-4 the exports amounted to 2 lakhs and the imports to 5 lakhs. The island fortress of Suvarndrug, the ‘golden fortress 1
Bijapur Sultans in the fifteenth century, and strengthened by SivajI in 1660. In 1698 it was a station of Kanhoji Angria’s fleet, and in 1713 it was formally made over to him by Raja Sahu. Under Kanhojfs successor it became one of the chief centres of piracy on the coast. 1 755 Commodore James of the Bombay Marine co-operated with the Maratha fleet in attacking the fortress. After pursuing Angria’s fleet to southward, he returned to the vicinity of Suvarndrug, bom barded the garrison from the sea, and finally seized the fortress by a night attack 1 . It was then handed over to the Marathas, and was finally taken by Colonel Kennedy, after a brief resistance, in 1S18. Harnai promontory has a lighthouse, visible for 6 miles. 'The town contains one school, with 90 boys and 18 girls.
—South-western taluk of Bellary District, Madras, lying between 14 0 30' and 15 0 o' X. and 75 0 42' and 76° 13' E., adjoining the Mysore plateau, with an area of 611 square miles. The population in 1901 was 95,646, compared with 82,241 in 1891. The taluk contains only one town,
(popula
tion, 9,320), the head-quarters ; and 81 villages. The demand for land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 1,63,000. At Chigateri gold is found in some of the streams. The cattle-fair at Kuruvatti is important. The taluk lies at a greater elevation than any other in the District. It is traversed by two small lines of hills, and is everywhere diversified by picturesque undulations with pleasant valleys among them. Its eastern half drains eastwards into the Chikka Hagari, and the remainder slopes southwards towards the Tungabhadra. In the Chikka Hagari basin patches of black cotton soil, aggregating about one-eighth of the area of the taluk, are to be found, but practically the whole of the rest is covered with mixed soils. Cholam and korra are, as usual throughout Bellary, the staple food-grains. Castor is exported in considerable quantities; and a characteristic crop is the yellow- 1 This exploit is commemorated ]■%• n. lower standing on Shoolei’s Hill in Kent, which was erected by James’s widow, and is called Seveindroog Caslle. 5 8 IIARPANAIIALLI TALUK flowered niger-seed (Guizotia abyssinica), grown for the oil it produces, which flourishes amazingly on the most barren-looking soils. It is generally sown along with ragi. The only irrigation is that from tanks and wells, there being no river channel in the whole of the taluk. Harpanahalli Town.—Head-quarters of the taluk of the same name in Bellary District, Madras, situated in 14 0 47' N. and 76° o' E., in a hollow surrounded by low hills. Population (1901), 9,320. Between 1868 and 1882 it was the head-quarters of the Deputy-Collector who then held charge of the four western taluks of the District. It was formerly the seat of one of the most powerful of the local chieftains or poligdrs, who kept all authority in their hands throughout the numerous changes of sovereigns which occurred in this part of the country. The remains of the fort are still standing, and, being surrounded by water on three sides, it must have been a strong place. The poligdrs rose to power after the downfall of the Vijayanagar empire at the battle of Talikota in 1565, and by the end of the seventeenth century their possessions comprised 460 villages, for which they paid a tribute of over 8 lakhs. The chiefs were useful to Haidar All of Mysore, which still further strengthened their position, but his son Tipii treacherously seized the poligdr and imprisoned him and most of his relations. After the death of Tipu at the storm of Seringapatam in 1799, the place was occupied by a former Diwan of Harpanahalli on behalf of a child of the poligdr family. But he yielded peacefully to General Harris when the latter marched through the country, and he and the poligdr were rewarded with considerable estates. Both families are now extinct. The industries of the town include a little weaving of coarse cotton stuffs and woollen blankets, and some unambitious brass-work. Harrand.—Village in
the Jampur
taksll of
Dera Ghazi
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